The Gazette

THIRTY FOURTH YEAR. NO. 42. IN UNION THERE IS TRUTH DOINGS OF THE RACE You will never have a better opportunity than now to subscribe for "the old reliable" Gazette. It should enter every one of our homes. Dr. John O. Hopkins, our only alderman in Wilmington, Del., was re elected recently. He represents the sixth ward, is manager of the National Theatre and owns one of the finest drug stores in that city. The Atlanta (Ga.) Independent says that more than five hundred Atlanta Negroes relished in the U.S. army recently, when the opportunity was given to enlist in the Twenty-fourth and Twenty-fifth infantry and the Ninth and Tenth cavalry. the will of Jas. L. Hitchens, the wealthy furniture mover of Baltimore, Md., which was contested, has been settled in the Orphan's Court of that city. The bulk of the estate, said to be worth $100,000, goes to an adopted son (white). The contest was instituted by a supposed widow (white) and the brothers of Hitchens, (colored). The Superior Court of (Atlanta) Fulton County, Ga., after two years of juggling has declared that our Shriners have no legal right to exist. They are enjoined from using rituals and wearing pins of the same derm used by the Nobles of the Mystic Shrine throughout the U. S. Our Shriners will fight the case to the U. S. Supreme Court. Justice has become the slogan of Dr. Francis J. Grimke, Hons. Archibald Grimke, John Mitchell, Harry C. Smith, W. P. Dabney, T. Thomas Fortune, Profs. George William Cook, William Pickens, DuBois, Greener and numberless other editors, editors and public men. N. let the rank and file of the race in every nook and corner of these broad and grand United States take up the all-important role in the fight, using every fair means at their command to see that it is heeded and acted upon.—Martinsburg (W. Va.) Pioneer Press. The Pennsylvania Assembly's appropriation, recommended for the Douglass Memorial Hospital, Philadelphia, is $24,000, an increase of $4,000 over that granted two years ago. The committee has attached a provisio, however, that the hospital must give satisfactory evidence of the dismissal of the inmate, before the appropriation is available. Mercy Hospital is granted an increase of $4,000 over the $10,000 it got last year. The Downington School gets an increase of $5,000 over the $20,000 formerly received. The three are Afro-American institutions. The first Afro-American suffragan bishop was elected by the Episcopal Council of the Diocese of Arkansas at Hope, Ark., May 12. He is Archdeacon J. A. Russell, of Lawrenceville, Va. His election must be endorsed by the governor before it becomes effective, but it is said that this action is practically assured as the proposition to elect an Afro-American suffragan bishop was decided upon, after lengthy deliberation, at the general council of the Church, held in St. Louis, last year. "THE STORY IN A NUTSHELL." When meat was 15c a pound and flour $8.00 a barrel, the Negro received from $4.00 to $8.00 a week. Now meat is 30c a pound and flour $16.00 a barrel, the Negro is receiving the same wages. He cannot live at this and the white man cannot expect to live in the fields and the starvation wages he is paying him, when the fields and the factories in the North and West are offering him living wages. If the white man will suppress lynching and lawlessness in the rural districts, pay the Negro living wages, give him a square deal on the farms, better schools, open schools, and land to his prowess, and let him in the labor unions, municipal ordinances (to keep Negroes from leaving the South) will be unnecessary.-Atlanta (Ga.) Independent. MET DISTINGUISHED VISITORS New York, May 16—Hon. Chas. W. Anderson attended all the receptions the five luncheons and two banquets tendered by the Mayor's Committee to the French and English war commissions, was introduced to Marsha Joffre and M. Viviani, by ex-Pres Roosevelt, and by the Marquis of Aberdeen to English Commissioner Balfour. Counseler E. A. Johnson was a guest of the bar association of this city at a complimentary luncheon given to M. Viviani at the Hotel Bilt more. ATTORNEY THOMPSON IN THE SOUTH. Dallas, Texas, 5-19, 1917. Editor Gazette, Dear Friend: I am down for a few days as a delegate to the Presbyterian assembly. There are about 25 colored delegates and they have given a good report of themselves. Tomorrow their ministers have been assigned to some splendid churches. Respectfully. FRED L. THOMPSON. Duty. Duty though set about by thorns, may still be made a staff, supporting even while it tortures. Cast it away and like the prophet's wand, it changes to a snake.-Douglas Jerrold. THE GAZETTE MUSIC OF SAVAGE TRIBES. Regimental Songs of Colored Soldiers Quickly Learned by Natives A recent number of the Gartenlaube (Berlin) contains an interesting account of the music improvised among savage tribes. It is these improvisations on the spur of the moment from which the truest idea of the native music can be obtained, since the quick ear of the Negro enables him to catch European melodies from chance contacts, and these rapidly pervade the country and pass from group to group, says the American Review of Reviews. We have long known that Negroes have a particular predication for music. They sing all the time, everywhere, apropos of everything. It is indeed of very great interest to observe how the art of song aids a race which can neither read nor write to preserve the memory of certain events. Thus there was composed at Stanley Falls a few years ago a song called "O Lupembe," in honor of the major then resident. As surely and as rapidly as the most popular of our own refrains this song spread over the whole extent of the great empire and today the farthest echoes resound with its accents. It is becoming very difficult to recognize native airs with certitude. When the colored soldiers return to their homes they carry the regimental tunes with them, and their fellow citizens immediately learn these and repeat them incessantly. There is scarcely any occasion when the white man can seize upon an authentic improvization except when one is made in his own honor while on the march. At a certain moment the Negro possessed of the most vigorous voice, whether it rings true or not, commences a recitatif, broken at intervals by refranks chanted in chorus by the entire caravan. The European who conducts the caravan is the hero of the song, and no eulogy is adjudged too magnificent for him. If he is a man of gentleness and peace he hears himself praised as a formidable warrior who has slain hundreds of thousands of men. If he is short and lean he is described as a colossal giant. If he has killed a few wild beasts he is acclaimed as a Gargantua. PATIENT AND PATRIOTIC John C. Minkins Shows Our Loyalty and the Nation's Shortcomings. The following article by John C. Minkins of Providence, R. L., appeared in a recent issue of the New York World, Mr. Minkins says: The question "Will the Negro fight for the United States?" has been asked. Will the World, the most powerful and consistent friend the Negro has among American journals, permit me to answer it? The Negro is perhaps the most unselfish and consistently loyal citizen in this "melting pot of all nations." He has never used an anarchist, an assassin, a hymenate, a traitor or an ingrate, and he has never refused to fight from 1619 to 1696 for his native land. Negro has taken a patriotic part in every American war—colonial, Revolutionary, 1812, Mexican, civil, Indian and Spanish. He was with Washington at Valley Fonge and Yorktown, with Sultun at the battle of Long Island, with Perry on Lake Erie and Lawrence on the Chesapeake, with Jackson at New Orleans, Scott in Mexico, Grant at Richmond, Miles on the western plains, Dewey in Manila Bay, Sampson at Santiago, Roosevelt at San Juan Hill and Boyd at Carrizal. He was the first to shed on Boston common the lifeblood which proved to be the martyr's seed from which flowed the Revolution. He was first with Commodore Peary at the north pole and last to leave Mexico with General Pershing. You don't have to ask, "Will the Negro fight for the United States?" Ask those who have fought against him. This is our country, and we are among its truest and best tried citizens. We have always refused, and we always shall refuse to even think of this as "a white man's country." It is not only the country of those for whom it does the most, but also of those who love it best and do the most for it. If another war comes—a war we would not provoke—the Negro will be found on the firing line, as he has always been found, doing his utmost that the Stars and Stripes shall never touch the ground in dishonor or be trailed in the dust of defeat. Crowded out of the militia, land and naval; denied the training necessary to officer from West Point or Annapolis hundreds of thousands of the best fighters time has produced, refused the protection at home of the flag for which so much respect is claimed abroad, barred very largely from the political rights guaranteed him by the constitution of the nation he helped to create and to preserve—rights by which the citizen of a free-republic can fully protect his civil and property interests along with liberty and life—the Negro has remained unswervingly loyal, steadfast in patriotism and absolutely reliable in every national crisis. Give him the same chance in peace you gladly yield him in war and he will demonstrate the same high type of worth in civil life that he has always shown on the battlefield against the enemies of the nation, domestic or foreign. Doctrine of Law Enforcement South. Every time a southern white man of the south declares himself in favor of law enforcement he aids the cause of justice and fair play for both races. America first, supported and defended by all of her citizens, is good doctrine to preach, and protection for all Americans alike would but be in keeping with the letter and spirit of the constitution, says N. Barnett Dodson. ESTABLISHED AUGUST 25, 1883 AND ISSUED EVERY WEEK ON TIME SINCE. CLEVELAND, O., SATURDAY, MAY 26, 1917. HAMPTON SHOWS FINE PATRIOTISM Virginia Institution Observes Fortyninth Anniversary With Many Pleasing Features—Ninety-eight Students Are Graduated—Resolutions Adopted Pledging Loyalty to State and Nation. Preparedness, loyalty and racial good will were emphasized throughout the recent forty-ninth Hampton institute anniversary celebration. With the presentation by Rev. Dr. Francis G. Peabody of Cambridge, Mass., of ninety-eight candidates for diplomas and certificates to the board of trustees the festivities were brought to a successful close. William Jay Schleffelin of New York, a trustee of Hampton, spoke on the negro's opportunity to serve the nation in the present crisis and expressed his confidence in the negro's ability and willingness in a selective draft to go forward in the spirit of Hampton to cheerful self sacrifice. Dr. Peabody said of Mr. Taft, president of the Hampton board of trustees: "By the logic of events he has been promoted to the enviable position of the best loved living American." Mr. Taft's declaration at the community meeting of preparedness called by Dr. H. B. Frissell, principal of Hampton institute, that the loyalty and service of Negroes in the present crisis will make the colored race more valued by all citizens was received with great enthusiasm. Homer L. Ferguson, president of the Newport News Shipbuilding company, declared that those who are robbing the south of Negro farm laborers are doing what is unworthy and unpriotic. Improving the attendance of Negro boys at their work as riveter helpers has increased the output of his shipyard four cargo ships each year. Mr. Ferguson said. The Rev. Chester B. Emerson of Detroit was elected a member of the Hampton board of trustees. Alexander R. Towbridge of New York organized and brought to the Hampton anniversary a special Hampton party of eight men and women representing important business and social interests. The practical educational methods developed at Hampton Institute For the Training of Colored and Indian Youth were graphically shown in agricultural and industrial demonstrations. The addresses of the seniors were full of interest and common sense. Dr. Frissell in his annual principal's report said that preparedness for service is the keynote of Hampton. "Because of the pressing demand upon Hampton for teachers and industrial leaders and because the school will apparently work to greater advantage with more pupils, the board of trustees and the faculty have decided that improvement shall be made toward a greater Hampton. A school of 1,200 means a new auditorium, more dining room space, more dormitories, additional classrooms and teachers and a larger church." The following resolution was adopted by the board of trustees: "Hampton institute, as a national institution, pledges its utmost support to the national government in the present crisis, and, with full confidence in the joyfulness of the Negroes and Indians, the school will co-operate in every possible way to aid the policies of the president of the United States." Dr. Frissell's call for a community meeting on preparedness to carry out Governor Stuart's idea of improving the food supply of Virginia and of planning for the better use of all the forces of the Old Dominion met with a hearty response. Former President Taft, Homer L. Ferguson, president of the Newport News Shipbuilding company: Allen W. Washington, president of the Negro farm demonstration work in Virginia, and Lizzie A. Jenkins, in charge of Negro home demonstration work in Virginia, spoke to more than 2,000 representatives, white and colored people, including members of the special Hampton party organized by Alexander B. Trowbridge of New York, a Hampton trustee. Political Meaning of Race Migration. The number of colored people reported to have left the south since the beginning of 1917 is said to be 500,000. Those who are in a position to know frankly admit that this rapid transfer of so many members of the race in so short a time has a remarkably peculiar political significance. The young intelligent colored man knows that he is entitled to the ballot. He also knows that the south has no legal right to prevent him from casting his ballot for whomsoever he wishes, like other citizens; hence he is following the line of least resistance in transferring his residence to sections where the law is respected and where the law and not the lynching mob rules. Dr. Frissell on Agricultural Council. Governor H. C. Stuart of Virginia has made some very definite plans for the benefit of the farmers of the state. Dr. H. B. Frissell, president of Hampton institute, has recently been made a member of Governor Stuart's agricultural council. SENATOR JOSEPH BENSON FORAKER. Joseph Benson Foraker, twice Governor of the State of Ohio, for two terms U. S. Senator from that state; soldier and statesman, is dead. His death passes a one time conspicuous figure. In national affairs, a true and tried friend of the colored people and one of nature's noblemen. It was he who, at the risk of his own political career, espoused the cause of the dismissed members of the 25th Infantry, and with a vigor characteristic of the true soldier enlisted a just cause, fought for their reinstatement to the last trench, going down with them to defeat. By that act and by his innate nobility of character he endeared himself to all Americans of African descent and to all others who admire courage and believe in fair play. More ever he enlisted in the memory of all who love justice. To paraphrase his own words: "Faithfully, incomplainingly, with pride and devotion, he has performed all of his duties and kept all of his obligations." May he rest in peace—Madison (Wisc.) Weekly Blade. and a silencer of all active political expections had evoked. The vinice—come as he woum most desired, but not pletely—for at his bishop have wived him, having there the flowers of love and have said that he woum noblemen, and one of statesmen; the manli this notable assemblia accord expressed the able personal and nat they feel." The passing of Joseph aker, former U. S. Se is regretted much by the entire country, known as their cham being one among the stalwart Republicans edged that there was the Negroes as citizen on the general reco rights, taking no other tive answer so far. The recent death of this great American removes from the arena of our national character. Senator Foraker was one of the last surviving heroes of the Civil War. He was, for twelve years, one of the most conspicuous figures in the U. S. Senate. He was easily the ablest champion of equal justice and in his death the Negro race has lost its power. He was also the hero he is a martyr to their cause. He championed the cause of "The Black Battalion" which was summarily discharged by President Roosevelt from the U. S. Army on the charge of having "shot up" Brownville, Texas, because they would not furnish the evidence establishing their own guilt. After putting into requisition all the men who had been executed in its secret service; after all manner of attempts at inducing some member of that famous battalion to testify against his comrades; after having exhausted itself in efforts to establish the guilt of those brave men without effect, President Roosevelt gave them the alternative of furnishing the evidence to establish their guilt or having the entire battalion killed. He was the first to remove from the service. Not a man finchett, nor has there been produced a single lota of evidence against a single one of these brave men. Mr. Roosevelt put forth a marvelous proposition, to-wit: that the men must prove the evidence convicting themselves or be convicted and punished for not doing so. This, of course, is something new in English jurisprudence. But Mr. Roosevelt is not a lawyer. Senator Foraker became the champion of these men and of the Negro race and for this Mr. Roosevelt decreed his political downfall and accomplished it. Senator Foraker will ever live in the hearts of our grateful people—Haleigh (N. C.) Independent. The passing away of former Senator Joseph Benson Foraker of Ohio, removed from the fields of activity a staunch and consistent friend of the Negro people. Unflinching in his contention for the full rights of citizenship in their behalf, he stood by the race through good report and evil report. When Presidents Roosevelt (and Taft) dismissed the members of the Twenty-fifth Infantry at Brownville from the army, without proof of their identity up there, he Senator Foraker stood out in the Congress and denounced the injustice of his action. Undaunted courage and bulldog tenacity marked his entire political career of thirty years or more, and he could always be counted upon to champion the cause of the oppressed. More men of his breed are needed in the affairs of the country today—N. Y. Age. The Hillsboro Dispatch, published in the county of Senator Foraker's birth, has this to say of that distinguished statesman: "In a memorable conversation with the Senator only a few hours before the primary in which he was defeated was over, he said to us that it was his great desire to return to the Senate for the reason that he felt it would be a vindication of his career in the eyes of all the world, and a silencer of all criticism that his active political experience naturally had evoked. The vindication has now come—not as he would have perhaps most desired, but none the less completely—for at his bier friend and foe have met and vied with each other in heaping thereon the imperishable flowers of love and esteem, and all have said that he was one of God's noblemen, and one of America's ablest missionaries, the most of whom this notable assemblage has with one accord expressed the sense of irreparable personal and national loss which they feel." The passing of Joseph Benson Foraker, former U. S. Senator from Ohio is regretted much by the Negroes of the entire country. He had become known as their champion and friend, being one among the last of those stalwart Republicans who acknowledged that there was something due the Negroes as citizens. He insisted on the general recognition of those rights, taking no other but an affirmative answer so far as he was concerned. He will be remembered especially for his intercession on behalf of the race immediately after what was called the shooting up of Brownville, Texas. He was a Senator at State House and great promoter and influence. The battle with President Roosevelt for justice to the discharged Negro soldiers was one of the most spectacular controversies in American history. It will not be said that Senator Foraker succeeded directly in bringing about the restoration of the men. His effort gave the affair a standing which otherwise it would not have had, thus keeping it high in the minds of Presidents and officials who could not consider it possible that it would not down. It is thought by some that he suffered in popularity owing to his fight for the Negro soldiers. It may be true, but he immortalized himself with a race of millions and in the meanwhile inscribed his name among the honor roll of the country's benefactors, among those few that are remembered when the years have done their worst at the obliteration of man's memory. Senator Foraker did not owe his prominence to the discharged soldiers' event—the great tilt with President Roosevelt. He had been for many years previous among the leading men of the nation. He was an associate of such men as John Sherman, William McKinley and the contemporaneous great men of other states, especially those of the Republican states. His state recognized his ability and worth, it honored him with all the great offices it had to bestow. He served with distinction, easily maintaining his place as one of the nation's foremost men.—Indianapolis Freeman. In passing of ex-Senator Joseph Benson Foraker the country loses indeed one of its most "stalwart statesmen and the race one of its greatest friends." An American after the heart of Abraham Lincoln and Lovejoy, Wendell Phillips and U. S. Grant, he was the last of that noble band of Civil War statesmen who preserved the Republic and kept burning in the hearts of black men the fire of liberty. Men with great hearts and noble spirits of a younger generation whose lives ring true to the eternal principles upon which the Republic was founded still survive. But of that saintified school stood a man who men's souls during the period of reconstruction, who brought down intact with them the imperishable lessons of equality and liberty for all men, black and white, beneath the Stars and Stripes. Senator Foraker was the last and great survivor. There was no compromise, no temporizing, about equal rights for the colored citizen with him. Nor was he a Socialist. Neither did he dream the dreams of the impractical theorist about an American Utopia. Out of his hardhead, common-sense sturdy statesmanship, he simply saw that this could not remain a Republic half serif and half free any more than that the Union could stand half slave and half free through his life he prepared on toward the mark. His spirit in the hearts of thousands of his white and black admirers will go on down through the corridors of time. He condemned a struggling race his eternal debtors. SINGLE COPY FIVE CENTS His victories of peace no less than his heroic triumph during the Civil War have helped to make that race all that it may ever hope to be. Twelve million colored citizens of this Republic lament his passing with a grief that will not be comforted. From his example and his heroic friendship they take increased devotion to the future of their race and country.—N. Y. News. "NOTES OF A BUSY LIFE." Renews. His Subscription. Bimidji, Minn., May 17, 1917. Editor Gazette, My dear Mr. Smith: —Yours to hand and in reply would say that both volumes of Senator Joseph Benson Foraker's "Notes of a Busy Life" were received in due course of mail; also The Gazette. You may be interested to know that I took your paper, "the old reliable," for a number of years over thirty years ago. I was then living in Spokane, Wash. With highest personal regards, I am Cordially yours, CHARLES W. SCRUTCHIN. (Attorney Scrutchin also took The Gazette, as a subscriber, for years, later—after locating in Bemidji— EDITOR.) Cincinnati, O., May 7, 1917. Hon. Harry C. Smith, Editor The Gazette, Cleveland, Ohio. Dear Sir: — Under separate cover we are sending you a new Set which we have just published: “NOTES OF A BUSY LIFE” by the Hon. Joseph Benson Foraker. The author has sketched his experience of three years in the Union Army, three years on the Bench, four years as Governor of the State and five years as Senate of the United States. He deeds with many political and public events of great importance and incidentally with many National characters whom he met in connection therewith. He quotes letters from Presidents Hayes, Harrison, McKinley, Taft and Roosevelt, and from Senators Sherman and Hanna, Secretary Hay and other distinguished Americans which have never before published. We officers the Spanish American War, the Panama Canal, and many other important subjects, closing with comments on modern developments in political methods and practices, having special reference to the Initiative, Referendum, Recall and Primary system of making nominations, all of special interest at this time when these methods are being tested by practical exertions. We have special interest to all students of political history, whether they are public officials or only public spirted Americans interested in the preservation of our institutions. Yours very truly, The STEWART & KIDD CO., Publishers-Booksellers. "REAPED THE WHIRLWIND" Belgium's Sad Fate—Afro-Americans Theo' Barred from the Army and Navy are "Loyal to a Man." Editor Gazette, Dear Friend;—two hundred and ninety-seven years ago the race began to suffer injustice, punishment and torture. We quote the great Irish librarian, Daniel O'Connell, in his London speech, 1833: "Oh the slave who tolls the slave who labors in cultivation of a crop whose fruits he may never reap, who comes home at night-fall weary, faint and sick of heart to find in his hut creatures that are to run in the same career with himself. Will you not tell him of a period when his toil shall be at an end? Will you not give him hope for his children?" George Knox says: "We of the white race are in sufferable conceit which scarcely can be overcome—all men of a different color are by right and ought to be our inferiors." Our first duty is to God and then our country. We are ready and willing, but this being "a white man's war" we are discriminated against until history may repeat itself. In '61 and '62 they did not want any black men, but in '63 they took them from 15 years old up to 65, and had it not been for the true and loyal Negro troops the North would have been defeated. If you do not have a soldier, you should be a soldier and he will tell you: "If you hadn't taken our Negroes, we-uns would have licked you'un's. Our young men are no better than other race's sons, but just as good, and need training for the defense of the flag that offers him protection. Some one is responsible for his being kept out of the army and navy, and the only reason we can give for it is, if you make more Negro soldiers—the more you make the less you can disfranchise because every soldier must have his vote, at home, in the field or abroad, and that we are worrying over this discrimination, the creature is never greater than the creature is above all and justice will reign. If we sow oats, we will reap oats. Belgium sowed the wind in the Congo district and reaped the whirlwind at home. Today she is the modern Sodom and Gomorrah—not on the map. Now a word to the race: God has always been on our side but we have failed to get over with him. Our ministers have grown gray-headed teaching, preaching and praying that the race would obey God's word. As long as we are disobedient we will suffer. I was 69 years old, May 15, and I have never known it to fail. In conclusion we are standing by the flag and the president, even though the race has suffered for 297 years. WE ARE LOYAL TO A MAN! Andrew McSpadden, Veteran of the War of the Rebellion SOUTHERN SOCIAL EQUALITY. D. G. Meredith, (white), and Beuth Yates, (colored), were fined $50 each yesterday on a charge of disorderly conduct, and Meredith was fined $25 more for speeding his automobile Auto Policeman Holt and Policeman Kramer, both paid at Robinson St. and Floyd Ave. Monday night, -Richmond Virginian. THE EAGLE HANDS DILIGENT WORKER IN MANY FIELDS Success of Dr. N. D. Shamborguer In the Ministry. POPULAR WITH THE MASSES Thrifty Minister of Wiley Memorial Church at Chattanooga, Tenn., Wields a Potent Influence as Clergyman and Civic Influence—Rose to Prominence by Service and Persistent Effort. Chattanooga, Tenn.—To a farm back in Randolph county, N. C., is due the credit of having furnished one of the most successful pastors in the Methodist Episcopal church, the Rev. N. D. Shambarguer, D. D., pastor of Wiley Memorial Methodist Episcopal church in Chattanooga. It was Sept. 17, 1872, that this successful pastor was born and commenced his early school life in the graded schools or the county school in the neighborhood of his birth. Let it be said to his credit that he worked his way through school. From the grammar school he went to Bennett col- N. D. SHAMBORGUER, D. D. lege, in Greensboro, N. C., graduating from there with the degree of bachelor of science in 1897. It was a great desire of his to get in a position where God could use him, as he felt that his mission was to preach the gospel. He was divinely inspired with the idea of spreading the Word. But to do this he felt that he should prepare for the work; hence he entered Gammon Theological seminary in Atlanta, Ga., where he remained until he finished the course there in 1901. The success of Dr. Shamborgner in the ministry has been rapid and interesting. For eighteen months he was the pastor of the Methodist Episcopal church Cartersville, Ga. This pastorate was of much help to him in his school work. His real work after finishing school commenced at Goldshore, N.C., where he served one year, and the next two years were spent in Lumberton, N.C., where he made a good record. Two years in Asheville, N.C., and from there he was sent to Winston-Salem, N.C., where six years of good work were put in, making many improvements in the church and adding to its membership. Recognizing his service in North Carolina, he was sent to Nashville, Tennessee, where he pastored the leading church in that city for three years. He is now in Chattanooga, where he is doing great work for his church and people. During his short stay at Chattanooga $38,000 has been raised for church purposes. This young pulpit orator is much in demand in all parts of the country to deliver addresses, lectures and sermons. He is rendering a great service for God and humanity. The church over which he presides as pastor is valued at $75,000. In Chattanooga Dr. Shamborgner is a recognized factor in racial matters and is ever found in the front rank and on the fireline line when it comes to anything which means the help of his people. He is one of the men in the Methodist Episcopal church that will be heard from. He has made many friends in the city and enjoys the confidence and respect of the people of his city and the state. His work tells for itself and places him by the side of such men as the late M. C. B. Mason, Dr. J. W. E. Bowen of Gammon Theological seminary, R. E. Jones, editor of the Southwestern Christian Advocate; W. W. Lucas, I. L. Thomas, D. D.; G. Garland Penn and M. W. Dogan, the educator. New York Odd Fellows Ready to Serve. The membership of the grand lodge of the Grand United Order of Odd Fellows of New York state is about 10,000. The Sixteenth Patriarchie regiment of New York city has a membership of 200. This branch of the order has offered its services to Mayor Mitchel to serve in any capacity the mayor sees fit in the present crisis of the nation. Several members of the Sixteenth patriarchie have already joined the Fifteenth regiment, New York national guard. The GAZETTE One Year.....$1.50. Six Months.....1.00 Three Months......50 Subscribers are requested to remit by postoffice money order or registered letter Entered at the postoffice in Cleveland Ohio, as second-class matter. Address all communications to Blackstone Building, Cleveland, O. Momben Ohio Legislature: 1894 to 1896; 1896 to 1898; 1900 to 1902 THE GAZETTE is the oldest, and has the largest bona fide circulation, double that of any newspaper in the American publications published in the state of Ohio, and comparison with any will immediately establish its rank as one of the NEWSIEST AND BEST in the country. 10,000,000 Afro-American. 240,000 in Ohio. 20,000 in Cleveland. SATURDAY, MAY 26, 1917 DARE TO DO YOUR DUTY. "Let us have faith that right make me might, and in that faith let us to the end dare to do our work to understand it."—Abraham Lincoln. "Any prejudice whatever will be insurmountable if those who do not share in it themselves truckle to it and flatter it and accept it as a law of nature."—John Stuart Mill. That "awful thirst", to join the army, that has been so much in evidence among some of our young men in recent weeks, will soon be satisfied, we are pleased to say. As a special favor, The Gazette asks its readers to patronize its advertisers as far as they are able to do so and to please mention it in writing or talking to them. Some of our contemporaries are GIVING advertising space to firms that furnish their cartoons. These firms get the CASH for the advertisements our contemporaries run for them. Don't be so "EASY", conferels! Walter E. Massengale, proprietor of "The Eladio", is enterprising, energetic and progressive, and not only deserves but is meeting with success because he is such. If there is one thing more than another we admire in an up-to-date, honest, hustling business man of color it is the spirit of enterprise Mr. Massengale is showing in the conduct of "The Eladio". More power to you, Friend Massengale. The Rev. Joseph A. Booker of Little Rock, Ark., who talked at one of the sessions of the Northern Baptist convention held in the Hippodrome, this week, if quoted correctly by the local daily newspapers, either is not familiar with the school conditions of this section of the country or he is determined to saddle more separate "jim-crow" public schools on our people of the North. Some one should take him aside for a heart-to-heart talk and soon, too. During the present crisis as the result of the "World's War" the Russian serf, after many years of fighting, has gained his liberty; the Irish are in a fair way to gain thelars, and the Jews, the world over, are fighting for thelars. Only the so-called "Negro," or Afro-American, affects to be satisfied with a condition that has moved these other "down-trodden" races to action at this time. O, Lord how long, O, how long! Holding meetings, at which as much money as possible has been collected, one-half of which has been sent to the national organization's headquarters in New York city, seems to be about all that the local branch of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People has done since its inception. Its meeting and conference, which was advertised to discuss "housing problems and other local conditions", Thursday night of this week at one of our local churches, ought to prove a very fruitful one, if they will DO something instead of merely collecting money and talking—the rule in the past. As far as we have been able to learn, no proper effort to house the hundreds of homeless Southern Afro-Americans, now in the city, has been made by any individual or organization. UNCERTAIN BEGINNING. Kitchener once said that he did not know when the war would end. "I do know, however", he added, "when it will begin. It will begin in May." And begin in May, it did. Kitchener knew how long it would take England to make up for her years of unpreparedness and to get into the war in earnest. The administration at Washington does not seem to have inherited any such knowledge from Kitchener or to have derived it from any other source. There is no telling when the war will begin, so far as the United States is concerned. There is tremendous activity in drafting legislation and in demanding authority and money, but there is precious little activity in getting ready for the real task of fighting. The chief of the general staff of the army is about to be sent off to Russia with the Root mission. Russia needs the assistance of a soldier just now about as much as she needs the restoration of the Emperor Nicholas II, while Gen. Scott is needed right here in America if he is ever to be needed here at all. OUR "SILVER-HAIRED CHESTER- FIELD." The editor of The Gazette acknowledges the receipt of an invitation to attend a reception and luncheon in honor of his eighteenth birthday, June 2, to be tendered our long-time and highly esteemed friend, the Hon. P. B. S. Pinchback, former governor of HON. P. S. PINCHBACK. Louisiana, and U. S. Senator from that state, the 'denied his seat (but not the salary) for the entire term of six years. "Gov.", as he is affectionately called by his intimate friends, and they are legions, residents of all parts of this great country, is an historical character that will shine brighter and brighter with each succeeding generation of our people. He is indeed "a grand old man" both in appearance and standing, and has ever been such; not only a credit and honor to his people but an example of our young men can emulate with pride and benefit. Our "silver-haired Chesterfield" is one of the three last Southern state Republican leaders of the race still alive—Hon. Joseph Lee of Florida, Hon. John R. Lynch, former Mississippi, now a resident of Chicago; and Gov. Pinchback, for many years a resident of Washington, D. C. Reference to them recalls the Hon. James Hill of Mississippi, the greatly lamented N. Wright Cuney of Texas, the leonine Henry Demas of Louisiana and others equally prominent in the councils of the race and the grand old Republican party in the days of Reconstruction and for many years afterwards, with whom the writer was well acquainted. We regret, more than words will express, our apparent inability, because of business engagements, to be present in Odd Fellows' hall, Washington, D. C., next Saturday evening, to help honor so distinguished and honorable a member of the race. If the obstacles can possibly be removed, we propose to attend and shall ever regard it as one of the few greatest privileges of our life. The committee in charge of the reception and luncheon includes Judge Robert H. Terrell, chairman; R. W. Thompson, the well-known Washington, D. C., correspondent; J. Finley Wilson, editor of the Washington (D. C.) Eagle; and John T. Howe. SENATOR FORAKER. A great man passed when Senator Joseph B. Foraker died. He was a patriot in his youth. He was a captain in the army of the Union when he was only a boy. He was a patriot in the last year of his life when his beloved country is again passing under the rod-of war. He was a patriot every year and every day of his life. The school boy cannot read the story of this great American's life without finding in it an appeal to his patriotism and an inspiration to serve his country. Foraker was a just judge, a great governor, a leader in the Senate of his country. And what an orator he was! No wonder he was an object PETER H. H. of hero-worship to the men of Otho. Manly in form, handsome in feature, commanding in every action, he was one of those rare men that nature casts for leadership and who never fall to make good in any enterprise they may embark upon. He never knew the meaning of the word fear. He was, one of the old-time type of statesmen who dared to think for themselves and dared to say what they thought. He was a Republican of Republicans. He learned the lessons of liberty in the days of the war for the Union and the freedom of the slave. He was always the friend of the oppressed. Every citizen of Ohio will mourn his loss and every Republican will doubly mourn it. He was the last of that galaxy of great Republicans gone before and among whom we recall, Wade, Giddings, Chase, Stanton, Hayes, Garfield, Foster, Nash, Sherman, McKinley. His name and fame will long be cherished in the state of his nativity and of his career, in the councils and memories of his party, and in the minds and hearts of our people the country over. Since the days of William Lloyd Garrison, Wendell Phillips, Frederick Douglass and their most brilliant coworkers, there have been just three men of the other race who, as true and aggressive friends of the race, sincere and thoroughly unselfish, meas- THE GAZETTE, CLEVELAND, O., SATURDAY, MAY 26, 1917 ured up to them, and they were Charles Sumner, Allijon W. Tourgee and our great and good friend, Joseph Benson Foraker. And while the first two of these three suffered greatly because of their active efforts in behalf of our people, it remained for the last named to make the greatest sacrifice. At the very zenith of his career as a statesman his political future was snuffed out because of his espousal of the cause of "The Black Battalion," the Roosevelt-Taft victims of the alleged "Brownsville Affray." We have lost our best friend, the last great one, and to say our people from one end of this land to the other feel it and feel it keenly is putting it far too mildly. It is as if one of the dearest members of our families had passed out and there were none to take his place. DR. J. E. SPINGARN'S "THREE ERRORS." Dr. Joel E. Spingarn made his first error in his "jim-crow" training camp plan in proposing it. He made his second when he sought to drive colored men of light and learning to support it. He made his third in the en camp. He was also in training at et al, used in trying to bolster it up. The General Staff of the United M. PROFESSOR J. E. SPINGAIN. States Army said colored men will be called and that call has been made ready. Colored officers, he (Spingain) said, would not be used, and again the War Department refutes his prediction in saying that one man and colored officers are needed for the 25,000 colored soldiers to be drafted. We then said that "jim-crow camps for colored officers should be the ultimate result let the Government force it on them, rather than for them to ask for it." N. Y. News. 25.000 TO BE CONSCRIPTED Washington, D. C.—The War De partment has made it known officially that approximately 25,000 Afro-Americans will be conscripted for the army of 500,000 men to be formed under au W. E. B. DU BOIS. thority of the new draft bill. To 1,000 will have to be trained as officers. The War Department announces that a training camp will be organized, and located on a site offered by the faculty of Howard University "stay at home" and said to be a "flat turn-down" of the Springau Du Bois "jimcrow" military training camp request. FRESH OHIO NEWS Written by 'The Old Reliable Gazette's Correspondents What Our People Are Doing Each Week—Church, Personal, Social, Lodge, Literary and Musical — Marriages, Deaths, Etc. IMPORTANT NOTICE Correspondents must send their letters, for our next issue, NOT LATER THAN SUNDAY, in order to have them published in our next issue, owing to Decoration day ( a holiday) coming on the following Wednesday. EDITOR. YOUNGSTOWN—Mrs. Calvin Bantler, who underwent an operation in the city hospital, last week, is doing nicely—Mrs. Anna Shaw and daughter, Sarah, of Pittsburg, spent a few days with Mrs. Charles Jackson—J. D. Ramsey, who has been ill, four weeks, shows improvement. The K. P. anniversary exercises were fine and well attended—at Oak Hill Av. A. M. E. church, Sunday—Mrs. W. C. Scott is ill at her home in N. C.—Frank Cromwell was taken to St. Elizabeth hospital, Sunday, very ill. CADIZ—Mrs. Kate Eleander, Miss Jessie Eleander and Mrs. Alberta Madison attended the Charles Simpson annual in Flushing—The Greenleaf club rendered a pleasing program at the A. M. E. church, Sunday—The community was shocked, Thursday morning, by the sudden death of Charles Brown, age 35, one of our most hbily respected citizens. Fu- neral Sunday, Rev, O, W. Childers officiating, assisted by Rev, W. H. Lucas. The local Masonic order held the usual ceremony. Among the relatives present were: Mr. and Mrs. Lemmie Howard, Mr. and Mrs. Lawrence Ogden and Mrs. Bertha Drake of Akron; Mrs. Susie Nash of Columbus, and friends from Flushing, Hopedale, Canton, Steubenville and Smithfield also attended.—Order The Gazette from the local agent. SANDUSKY—Both churches and S. S. were well attended, Sunday. At 2:30 p. m., the K. P. heard their Thanksgiving sermon at the Second Baptist church. Rev. G. D. Smith preached ably and impressed all with the importance of organizing in groups for greater usefulness. The choir furnished excellent music and a liberal collection was given the church. M. Olivet lodge made a show. The S. S. is showing under J. R. Davis, sunt. Mrs. Mary Jones, Mr. S. Scott, Blanche Thompson, Emma Gilkerson, Mrs. B. Davis, Mrs. L. H. Dodd and Sarah Johnson, teachers; Libby Gilkerson, sec. The B. Y. P. U, Mr. Harry Alexander, press, is doing fairly well. If the young people would rally, it could be the best in the state. Rev. G. D. Smith and officers are making repairs on the parsonage. Rally day, June 10. Friends, read The Cleveland Gazette. It is all right. The first and last paper in the country, for facts! Rev George D. Smith, agent. —A great of sickness among our people. Colds etc. SMITHFIELD.—Mrs. E. H. Harris and Mrs. K. Christian visited Mrs. M. Freeman at Bradley, last week.—Dr. H. Harrage of Homestead, and little daughter Audrey, are visiting his parents.—Mrs. E. Powell entertained Mrs. Griffin at dinner, Sunday.—Mr. and Mrs. G. D. Binns visited in Steub, last week.—Nellie and Alice Harris visited their sister in Wheeling, Saturday and Sunday, and delightfully entertained the S. T. S. club, Tuesday evening.—A large crowd from the community were invited the Emerson baptizing, Sunday.—Mr. M. Williams and Homer Harris were in Steub, last Tuesday. Rev. Williams gave a surprise party, Monday evening, in honor of his wife's natal day. Many were present and report a fine time.—Those who attended Mr. Chas. Brown's funeral in Cadiz, Sunday, were: Mr. and Mrs. H. Harris, Mesdames K. Christian, M. E. Veney, M. Jackson and M. J. Davis; Miss A. and Haze Harris, V. Carter, M. and E. West, D. Bigsby, D. Christie, M. Jackson and M. J. Davis; Mrs. James, Joseph and Robert Behr, S. Freeman and Mrs. Jas. Harris, Jr. were called to Barnelville by the death of Mr. J. Wilson, father, former resident here. The family have the sympathy of the community. HILLSBORO—Mrs. Frank Trimble has returned from a visit with relatives in Newark and Washington C. H.—Lincoln 8th grade commencement, the 28th and 29th. Baccalaureate speech, Sunday evening, at the Baptist church—Mrs. Naomi Tribune of Indiana and Miss Virginia Wilson of Kentucky. Ona Peyton is in Columbus, called there by the illness of her sister, Mrs. P. C. Hudson, who is better.—Miss Mary Williams, Mrs. Cassie Essex and G. M. Atchison spent Sunday in Columbus.—Mrs. C. L. Anderson has joined her husband in Cleveland. Mrs Luke Thompson is in Newark. Jae graduate of Wilberforce University, has been employed as domestic science teacher Pale Faced Women Take Rosy Cheeks and Men Need Phosphates to Vigorous Athletes increase their strength more by simply taking a few we Pale Faced Women Take Phosphates to Make Rosy Cheeks and Beautiful Forms. Men Need Phosphates to Make Strong, Healthy, Vigorous Bodies. Athletes increase their strength, energy and endurance 200% or more by simply taking a few weeks treatment of Argo-Prophase. COCO SKIN WH 25c BO A Skin Bleach or Whitener for c blemishes and clearing swarthy or the skin to Grow Whiter. Don Cocotone Skin Whitener and haw COCOTONE SKIN WHITENER A Skin Bleach or Whitener for dark or brown skin, removing albemishes and clearing swarthy or sallow complexions and causing the skin to Grow Whiter. Don't envy a clear complexion, use Cocotone Skin Whitener and have one. WHAT USERS THINK OF COCOTONE Cocotone Co. Inc. Dear Sirs: Send me by return mail two boxes of Cocotone Skin Whitener and three cakes of Cocotone Skin Soap. They are fine and I do not care to be without them. Enclosed is money order for $1.25 Cocotone Co. Dear Friends: Your Cocotone Skin Whitener is the finest thing I ever saw. My skin was very dark and the first box has made it many shades lighter, and my friends all ask me what I have been using. Enclosed you will find $2.00. Please send me six boxes of Skin Whitener and two cakes of soap. Yours truly. ANNA M. WHITE. at Lincoln school—Miss Clara and Charles Smith spent Saturday and Sunday in Cincinnati—Rev G. W. Burr was called to Biehn, last week, to preach Mr. Lossie Curtis' funeral—Mrs. Rosetta Giddings of Cincinnati visited her sister, Mrs. Josie Minor, and other relatives, from Saturday to Monday—Mr. and Mrs. C. R. Young entertained at dinner, Sunday, Mr. and Mrs. Chas. Goins and daughter, Mrs. Minor and Mrs. Giddings—Rev P. H. Smith preached, Sunday, in the absence of Rev Orr. Orr, Mr. James Taylor is ill—Mrs. Jesse Captain Will Hams, near Greenfield, visited her and Mrs. last week. Rev A. Mitchell of Rifle delivered a address at Lincoln building, last week Friday evening. An excellent program was also rendered. Black and White OINTMENT By Mail Only 25c Colored people can now easily, quickly, safely and at little expense brighten up their skin by applying Professor Flouches in a discovery that brightens up dark, sallow or brown skin to such a delicate fair that Black & White Ointment is a bleach or black & White Ointment is a bleach or skin of any eruptions, bumps or pinples and heals all rishings or tan and freckles, giving a beautiful, smooth, soft, fair complexion. Everyone should have a fair, bright complexion, and Black & White ointment large box sent by mail for only 23c (ceil of stamps). Address BLOUGH CLEMEN, Agents wanted everywhere. KINKY Hair Made to Grow Long, Soft and Silky Amy Starr says her hair was happy when she waltzed and Excito, and once she minnibit, as she did at parties, off and with EXELENTO QUINNIE FORMAL In a Hair Grower which feeds the scalp and roots of the hair and mats kinky nappy hair and makes long, soft and silky. It cleans dandruff and aries Falling Hair at once. Price 25c by mail on receipt of sampes or coin. ACENTS WANTS EVERYWHERE Write for Particulars EXELENTO MEDICINE CO., ATLANTA, GA. Make Phosphates to Make Beautiful Forms. To Make Strong, Healthy, Bodies. energy and endurance 200% or kecks treatment of Argo-Prophate. They become nervous, irritable, dependent, melancholy, the brain fags, and the memory falls. Therefore if you wish to preserve your youthful vim, vigor and memory, you should apply the deficiency of Phosphates lacking in your food by using Argo-Phosphate, the form of Phosphates most easily assimilated. **NOTE:** Argo-Phosphate, which is recommended and prescribed by physicians in all enicemic cases, is not a secret or patent medicine, but one that is sold and recommended by well known drugstores. Phosphates are daily subscribing the constituents contained in it. Being entirely unlike many other Phosphates, it is easily assimilated and when used, it is the result of the limitation of sediment and spasmic troubles, as well as for care worm, nervous conditions. The manufacturers of Argo-Phosphate will forfeit to any charitable institution or woman under 65 who lacks Phosphates, and increase *their strength and endurance* 100% to 300% or more in one month's time, if they are free from organic trouble. It is dispensed If your druggist will not supply you, send $1.00 to the Argo Laboratories, 10 Forsythe St., Atlanta, Ga., and they will send you a two weeks' treatment by return mail. STONE WHITENER X FREE dark or brown skin, removing al sallow complexions and causing it envy a clear complexion, use one. Cocotone Co. 65. I find that Cocotone Ski Whitener is the best preparation I have ever used to clear the skin, and wish you would mail me two boxes at once. (Signed) MRS. C. P. JOHNSON. Do not accept substitutes or imitations. I have never used Cocotone Skin Whitener, but if you will send me a 25c box free, will be pleased to try it. I enclose six 2c stamps to cover cost of mailing, packing, etc. Name ... Address ... AGENTS WANTED. CORRELL The old reliable Gazette desires an active agent and correspondent in every city and town in Ohio and neighboring states having a number of Afro-American residents. Only a little time on Fridays or Saturdays is required. We are especially desirous of hearing from persons in the following named cities: Springfield, Dayton, Piqua, Mt. Vernon, East Liverpool, Akron, Lima, O., and other places, particularly in Ohio, where we have none. Rosedale 1800 SLAUGHTER Funeral Directive Embalmer Office and Funeral 3923 CENTRAL AV Autos for All Occasions. Calls Answer The Speaking SMITH'S name insures all PHOTOS. Make in the Choice for Q Style and Satisfaction The Smith S 4207 Central A Rosedale, 5028 Both Phones REAL ESTATE I CAN SECURE FOR 3 Per Cent Mo TO OWN A HOM TO BUILD ON YOUR VACANT LOT, T PAY FOR YOUR HO A SMALL PAYMENT STARTS IT. OUR LOANS AT ONLY 3% IN JOHN M. AND 510 SUPERIOR B W. O. LEE, Salesman DO YOU BELIEVE REMEMBER THIS PALMER'S SKIN-SUCCESS when looking for the ORIGINAL Sk plexion Brightner. In successful use ove millions of boxes sold all over the cou BEWARE of all substitutes. Substitute dangerous. Insist upon getting what you "SKIN-SUCCESS" Ointment and Soap. Rosedale 1800 Quality Service SLAUGHTER BROS. Funeral Directors and Embalmers Office and Funeral Parlors 3923 CENTRAL AV. Autos for All Occasions. Calls Answered Day and Night The Speaking Likeness SMITH'S name insures this on all PHOTOS. Make no mistake in the Choice for QUALITY, Style and Satisfaction . . . The Smith Studio 4207 Central Avenue Rosedale, 5028 Both Phones Central, 8247-K REAL ESTATE INSURANCE I CAN SECURE FOR YOU 3 Per Cent Money WITH WHICH TO OWN A HOME TO BUILD ON YOUR VACANT LOT, TO MAKE YOUR RENT PAY FOR YOUR HOME A SMALL PAYMENT STARTS IT. OUR PLAN DOES THE REST LOANS AT ONLY 3% INTEREST JOHN M. ANDERSON 510 SUPERIOR BLDG. W. O. LEE, Salesman CENTRAL 5930 L DO YOU BELIEVE IN SIGNS? REMEMBER THIS ONE PALMER'S SKIN-SUCCESS OINTMENT when looking for the ORIGINAL Skin Ointment and Complexion Brightner. In successful use over eighty years. Many millions of boxes sold all over the country to satisfied users. BEWARE of all substitutes. Substitutes may be harmful; even dangerous. Insist upon getting what you want - the old, reliable "SKIN-SUCCESS" Ointment and Soap. MADE ONLY BY Write for a sample of Palmer's "Hair-Success" Dressing, the best hair pomade on the market. Write for a sample of Palmer's "Hair best hair pomade on the ABusy ABusyLife By HON. JOSEPH BENSON FORAKER The Most Important Autobiography Mr Foraker has given us his experience on the Bench, as Governor of Ohio and in United States. Political and public events of great importance many national characters are dealt with lightening manner. The work will prove of special interest political history whether they are public or spirited Americans, interested in the presentations. 2 VOLS. NET $5.00 All orders sent direct to the "THE GAZETTE" The Most Important Autobiography In Years Mr Foraker has given us his experience in the Union Army on the Bench, as Governor of Ohio and in the Senate of the United States. Political and public events of great importance and incidentally many national characters are dealt with in the most enlightening manner. The work will prove of special interest to all students of political history whether they are public officials or only public spirited Americans, interested in the preservation of our institutions. 2 VOLS. NET $5.00 All orders sent direct to the "THE GAZETTE" Blackstone Bldg., Cleveland, O. will have the personal direction of its Editor TEAR OFF HERE The GAZETTE Blackstone Bldg. CLEVELAND, O. Please send me___cop___ "Notes of a Busy Life" BY J. B. FORAKER Net $5.00 for which I enclose___ Name___ Address___ Largest Power Dam. Largest Power Dam What is to be the largest power dam in the country is now under construction in Nevada county, California. Stretching across a narrow gorge called Emigrant Gap, this dam will block up sufficient water to create an artificial lake nearly 30 square miles in area. What was once a miniature lazy stream, will thus be converted into a mighty lake—Popular Science Monthly. Goats Rout Evil Spirits Welsh farmers often keep two on three goats among their fine herds of cattle. There is a tradition that the presence of goats helps to keep off evil spirits, and so saves the cattle from disease. In some parts of Wales the presence of a donkey is believed to have the same effect. A more prosaic reason is that a goat amongst cattle keeps vermin from breeding on their skins. 1512 Atlantic Ave., CORRESPONDENTS WANTED. Write to the editor of The Gazette, Blackstone building, Cleveland, O., and terms will be sent promptly. Our readers will oblige us by sending at once the addresses of persons in the cities named and others in the state, to whom we can write relative to the matter. And Pay Dearly. The road to ruin is kept in good repair at the expense of those who travel over it—Cincinnati Times-Star. BILLO-KD Big Revenue Measure Is Passed hy House, waIN Finally’ Disposed. Of and Is Taken Up by Senate. ‘Washington, D. C.—The house final- Yy disposed of the much criticized $1,800,000,000 war revenue bill, after @ fortnight’s bitter debate. The sen- ate will now take up the bill and, it is said, slash it to pieces. It may be ‘ut $450,000,000. ‘Republicans who had consistently fought the bill, headed by Mann, their floor leader, insisted upon a yea and nay vote on important sections of the ‘bill already passed. They wanted the woters put on record. ‘The first of these votes was 256 to 4150 in favor of sustaining the in- sereased second class mail matter rates ‘as introduced by Claude Kitchen, chair man of the ways and means commit- tee. Mann immediately moved to re- ‘commit the entire bill to the commit- tee for complete revision. He was beaten by 240 to 76. No Democrats voted against the bill and many Re- publicans voted for it. Record votes were also taken on the Doremus and Lenroot amendments. The first of these proposed that a 5 ‘er cent tax should not be levied upon automobiles until the manufacturer had made 8 per cent profit on his cap- ‘ital, It had been inserted in the bill, ut the house struck it out by a vote of 233 to 174, and the tax remains. ‘The Lenroot amendment increasing all surtaxes on incomes above $40,000 ‘was sanctioned by a vote of 345 to 60. “The amendment, imposing a 10 per ‘cent surtax on $40,000-860,000 in- incomes and rising to a 45 per cent tax on incomes of more than $1,000, 000 raises by one-quarter the orig- inal surtaxes proposed in the bill. AIMS TO KEEP MEN FROM REGISTERING ‘Washington, D. C. — A widespread ‘propaganda, to keep young men away from: the registration booths on June 5, has just been uncovered. Investiga ‘tion has been started by the depart. ment of justice in conjunction with the postoffice department, ‘Numerous letters and circulars al- eady have been seized and special agents are tracing the letters back to their sources. Indictment of persons responsible may result in the near fu: sture, among them several outspoken spacifists, Spon after the president issued his sdraft proclamation, the mails were flooded with literature and letters urg- ing non-compliance with the law. Many of the letters and leaflets went further afield than urging “conscien- ‘tious objectors” to refuse to comply or ‘to claim exemption. Some of the let- tters and pamphlets sent into the de- spartment of justice are declared to be ‘treasonable. So far, no action has been taken fur- ‘ther than tracing the propaganda to its source, the department of justice being loathe to act under the present aws. It is hoped that when the espi- vonage bill is passed free rein will be given to prosecute the authors of such diterature. FOR ITS EMPLOYEES “Woungstown, Ohio. — The Youngs- town Sheet & Tube Co. has just an- nounced it will build 1,000 houses for ts employes on a large acreage re- ently acquired for that purpose, Contract has just been awarded for ‘the eréction of 50 of these structures. Plans are to erect at least 150 more this year. é ‘The houses will be modern six-room structures at the start. Later more commodious dwellings will be erected. ‘Many of the houses will be offered for sale. Stina Genres Gréite Hospital Unit. London, England.—King George and ‘Queen Mary, accompanied by the Prince of Wales and Princess Mary, ‘on May 23 received and extended a ‘welcome to the surgeons and nurses of America’s initial detachment from the army, which shortly will take its place ‘eside the British allies at the fighting ‘front in France. It was a simple but impressive cere- ‘mony, one which will stand as a land- mark in American history as the first of {ts kind to occur within the walls ‘ef Buckingham palace. * ‘State Department Thanks Editors. ‘Washington, D. C. — The following statement has just been issued by the staté department: “The department of state desires to express its sineere appreciation to newspaper correspondents and to ‘editors who, by thelr co-operation in fot publishing details of movements, made ft possible for the French mis- sion not only to travel in this country with entire safety, but als» to depart without any intimation being given that might have made their journey gnsafe.” FOR STOU OMAN R STOUT W ‘The fact that all women do not pos-| most as much demand for that color seas “string-bean” figures has not been | as ever.” overlooked this season by style design-| ‘This year really definite effort has ers. ‘The stout woman is being more| been made to launch other colors. Folk and more seriously considered by style| who deal In fabrics and dressmakers designers, and garments that are scien-| grow dreadfully weary of blue, blue, tiffeally designed to meet the require-|heavenly blue, and not the least tell ments of the large figure are developed | ing characteristic in this campalin to- on artistic lines. Undergarments, cor-| ward a wider fashion spectrum 1s in sets and outer apparel as well that | giving colors interesting and appealing are the result of careful study are | names, available for this woman. Saleswom-| Battleship gray a few seasons ago f Me en in many of the large stotes are es- pecially trained to serve and attend to the fitting of her garments, so that she 1s comfortably and becomingly out- fitted without being made to feel that she is fat, says the Washington Star. In some of the frocks designed for women whose figures are larger than the average the waist line ts Ignored entirely, and rather straight line ef: fects sought, but this is really not the wisest plan, ‘The decided curve of a figure that is even well developed must be recognized, but any suggestion of tight-fitting garments must be avoided. ‘The dainty little lingerle frock shown in this sketch is an excellent model for a well-developed figure, and ft may also be admirably adjusted to Stout Hnes, If desired, Soft material fg used—a yotle trimmed with hand embroidery. ‘The gown buttons in the center back. ‘The fullness cleverly let in on either side of the front, forming a vest effect, Is caught Into a loose box plalt which continues to the ede of the hem. A softly-folded girdle of silk finishes the garment at the waist. ‘This dress may be developed in hand- Kerchief linen or in georgette, A soft fabric ts required. And {t may be snfe- ly stated that a woman whose lines are curves will usually find herself most satisfactorily gowned in clinging rather than crisp materials. ‘To make the gown shown five and a half yards of material 36 Inches wide will be required. ‘The skirt should mensure two and a half to three yards in width. SACHET MADE OF ROSEBUDS Tiny Bunch of Ribbon Flowers Very ‘Attractive for the Hat or to Keep ‘Among Lingerie. ‘An unusual sachet which would be very attractive for the hatbox or to Keep Mtiong lingerie ts a tiny bunch of rosebuds, such as are used for deco- rating boudoir caps, negligees, ete. | ‘The heart of each rose, before be- Ing colled, should be filled with one’s favorite sachet. Tn a cluster of eight or nine roses, the sachet will be large enough to impart a dellente fragrance. "A sachet of this sort Is extremely dainty and the rosebuds the most eas Hy manipulated of all the ribbon flow ers. The ribbon should be an inch wide and sewed Into a little pocket ut the end of the sachet, then wrapped around and around until It is the cor- eet size. A flow leaves, cut out of green velvet, will be an attractive con- trast. GIVE ODD NAMES TO COLORS Those Who Would Popularize New ‘Shades in Fabrics Have an Eye ‘to Public Sentiment. “Ninety-nine women out of a hun- dred,” says a silk salesman, who knows all about the taste of well- dressed women, “ask for blue, no mat- ter what color 1s in fashion. And this Senson, when, as ‘eversbody knows, Pare bias ln tok the (tog, there ix al SHOULD DRESS IN HARMONY Husband and Wife, Going Out Togeth. fer, Should Avoid Colors That Hate Each Other. Af your husband is indifferent to- ward dress it Is your duty to make him feel that he owes something to you in this matter and more'to blm- self. In addition to this consistency of dress between a man nnd his wife there are other questions of dress that fare worth considering, writes an ob- servant wife. When you go out together see to It that the colors in dress harmonize, though his suit need not be the same shade as your dress, Remember that there are colors that really hate each other, and avold these. ‘Women as a rule have a better sense of colors and thelt harmony, but there are men Who have au ex- quisite sense for color. You uced uot Worry about making your lushand a Heau Brummel, but if you are a de- voted, conscientious wife yon will see that bis shirt and collars are clean, most as ‘much demand for that color This year really definite effort has Dyeen made to taneh other colors, Folk who deat in fabrics and dressmaker grow dreadfully weary of blue, blue heavenly blue, und not the least tell Ing eharaeteriatle in this eanpatsa to Ward wider faxhlon spectruun It 1 giving colors interesting and appealing ‘names | Battleship gray a few seasons ago would never have gone as well am It Ald ad Te uot been for the timeless of the name, and the same holds true of Russian green, whfch appealed to all pro-allies. ‘There Ix no mle to the fekd trom whieh’ Wore who name colors. drav Current events, history, the animal kingdom, flowers, birds and the kiteh- fen larder all siggest- naines realst Or romantie for the now hues. Shadow Lawn green, tapestry blue, polar bear gray, privet green, dragon- fly or teal duck blue and. that ew gold color known as. sirup—all have thelr place in fashion and. detorilne the color of sltks and bons. FASHION’S FANCIES A new position for the pocket ts In the middle of the sport blouse, Many evening gowns have the low decollette filled In or velled with tulle, “Fruit embrofdered tn natural colors Is the feature of u navy blue taffetn frock, A lingerie frock is being made pa- triotie by having a shield and wreath design embroidered in national colors. Polka dots seem to be gaining tn popularity. ‘They appear in yolles, foulards and sports silks, ‘The Intest trimming tn the millinery field Is the fish fin, This Is used successfully on a hut of matine and calls forth much comment. Looped or draped skirts are sure to come, and we will like them, too, for as advance models they are graceful ‘and becoming. STRIKING SPORT SUIT a < * e t a7. W YX eS tg J \ | vg a Wi ‘This striped Yosan silk sport suit has all the sweet simplicity necessary to sport clothing. The plaited skirt ‘and the dainty georgette crepe collar all go to add to the attractiveness of the costume. The coat is cut on un- usually simple lines with a narrow strap for a belt sash. The Handy Girl. There are some girls who have a perfect knack of fashioning the datn- Hest accessories from apparently noth- Ing save a few scraps of material and a yard or two of lace. One of the most fascinating little negligees was thade by a clever girl who had on hand on unusually large supply of Fhanderehlets. Four of these bits of linen were Joined together with strips ‘of Ince and a fine edging was run ‘around the whole thing. An opening ‘was left in the square where two hand- -kerchiefs met and Ince was sewed on each side instead of joining with one plece, Nile green ribbon was used to tie at the neck and under the arms, and the result was a cunning ttle negligee, that Bis tie Is natty and that bis ut fits the occasion, pad 6k Pink Osenalla. A charming summer hat is fashioned entirely of faint pink organdie; the Semicloche brim 1s fashioned on a spruce Wire rim over a net foundation. A strip of the material stands up about the brim edge end is held to the hat by buttons that are covered with the ma- terial and tiny buttonholes that actu- ally button. ‘The round crown is made entirely of folds of the orgunsite braid- ed over the entire surface with some of the ends laid around the brim in loops that extend almost to the brim edge, Finishing this model ts a fotd Which Is tied about the crown, Dainty Touches. Delightfully crisp, clean looking col- lars of organdie, and sometimes cuffs as well, give the final touch of smart- ness to Davy serge dresses, Satin for Mornings. Satin for morning wear, for general utility, and above all for sports, Is now ‘estublished. “Tailleur” of Popular Fabric One of Summer’s Novelties. Material Never Used for This Purpose Before Probably Because Nobody Thought of It. ‘The greatest novelty in women's summer suits Is the “tallleur” of checked gingham, The popularity of gingham as a dress fabric was assured early in January, when the Palm Beach colony and patrons of other fashlonable southern resorts appeared in smart little gingham frocks, decor- fated with dainty collars and cuffs, flchus, ete., of sheer white organdie. As a material for sults checked ging- ham Is now making Its first appear- nce, and ft must be admitted that the garments are decidedly good to look upon, Sometimes a gay-checked Scotch or French gingham will be combined with bright-colored one-tone rajah or pon- gee, French linen, ete, or black and white checked gingham will be com- bined with all-white heavy silk or lin- en, writes a fashton authority, ‘The sult shown in the sketeh Is typ- feal of the corination gingham suits, ‘The skirt Is n plaited model, with wide box plait In front framed on either side and at the back with flat plaits, made entirely of gingham, ‘The coat, a simple sport modei, ts fashioned of French blue rnjah sik combined with gingham. The plain. pros HAR esi eo Suits of Gingham the Latest. color fabric extends to the hips, where It ts Joined by a W-tnch-wide hand of the gingham. Collar and cuffs are of gingham, and dmall slit pockets ure faced with the plaid fabric, Inasmuch as linens and even other cotton fabrics fully as light In welght as gingham have been found desirable and satisfactory In the development of summer suits, there is no reason why gingham should not be in the lst of fabries for garments of this type. That ft has not been used before for the purpose is doubtless because nobody thought about it. To make the little sult sketched four and three-quarter yards of gingham 6 Inches wide will be required, with three and a quurter yards of rajuh silk or other plain-color fabric. ‘The skirt measures three yards in width, al- though it hangs quite straight and seems narrow, because the plaits are pressed to lay quite flat. Flare is out of the question this season, if one would be smartly gowned. MANTELS ARE TOO CROWDED Tendency Is to Disfigure Room by Placing Too Many Articles on ‘the. Shelves. Mantels have long been sticklers In the human mind, If you have any sort of a shelf in d’room, why iet It go bare? This ts the trend of popu- lar reasoning, And so things are lined up on our shelves until there ts room for nothing else; crowds of things! And yet this never happens without the room losing out decoratively. 1 have never yet seen a good-looking room which had a disfiguring crowded mantel, writes a housewife. Ornaments must be artistically pos- sible, even though not expensive. Cut glass, hand-painted ornaments, the ‘usual “parlor” vases—all these things would have a poor effect, no matter how they were arranged. ‘BR Frock. Made of Scrape. ‘The family scrap bag will if properly ayproached provide many a dainty 1t- tle summer frock for the younger gen- eration. This one for a child of three ‘and one-half years, was made in two afternoons from two yards of blue chambray: The trimming was provid- ed by a third of a yard of yel- Tow gingham left over from a @ress made years ago. The color of this bit of bright yellow fs far brighter and-more lasting than any which could be bought now.” Lottle squares of the yellow which was in odd shaped pleces ere appliqued round the hem of the skirt and at the points of the broad col- lar. ‘The two bands at the walst are of bias yellow stitched firmly in place; one at the joining of skirt and bodice, the other in a crecent curved above, which produces the pretty two-belt ef- ¢t so much used now. Joining Wosted Without Knots. AS many people are making stwentors and other articles just now with the soft worsteds, it may be of interest to them to know that knots are no longer aecessary for joining. When the end IN KEEPING WITH THE DAY f a > Pig f > At 4 £ ce ¢£.. a , ‘ " O es . a To be in latest style young women must exhibit in their fancy finery and especially in, their bonnets some touch of the military. This young lady is wearing the latest hat fashion to make appearance; it is aptly termed the “helmet.” It is of white plush with black velvet facing. A thin black pat- ent leather belt extends over the crown and does duty as a chin strap. White silk braid is worked in as a relieving decoration. GIVE STYLE TO NEW SUITS Fine Shirrings Serve to Shape Coat land Narrow Stitchings Provide Preper Finish, Accessories that make for style and are the dlatisetive new. notes 6f the feason'e fashions are the Goo, able Tinga which serves to shape a coat, the harrow stitehings: that ive It lsh, tnd the odd Hells, waleh If thor ars hot fastened on the outside ure fast- atd under the céat and only ahow whet It le partly open. Outslae bela tre quite narcew thls sania, bat Woone Tnalde are almont five inches. wide, Another necessity for the modern itt ts pothele. Pockets appear tone: Cimtes’ on the skicta, but. invarlably om. the eoath:” Sport wulets, of course are not complete without tem. Speak. ing of sport skirts, they are the mont fasclinting thls season. “Glace cloth is a new material used for sport skirts, ond as ft is a dressy fabric, it gives fs tohpy sana Ge euuoratyoser 9 a otherwise conventional skict. Colored embroidery Ia another effective touch, TRINKET SACHET IS USEFUL Case in Which Jewels May Be Placed Easily Made Attractive Addition sl Bradlee, A most handy and useful little artl- le for the dressing table, tn whieh rings, bracelets, ete., ean be placed nnd covered up, Is the trinket sachet, shown In the sketch, Te ts made of cream-colored Jap sitk, and Uned with soft wash-leather “und bound at the dges, where Indicated, with nnr- row gold ribbon, ‘The center portion is stiffened with a plece of corr, sewed Jn between the silk and the lining. This part of the case measures five Inches hy six Inches, and the sketch clearly shows the proportion in. whieh the other parts of the sachet should be Ba | | i 3 y sil \ PA] Lh, i eQi Ss X y “AT ae aa Ga == _ SE Se gee Bae = 24 f= = = 2> 3 Fanitnk NINTH ATS Trinket Sachet. made. ‘To close the ease, the side and lower flaps have merely to be folded on to the center portion, and then the up- per flap folded downwards, thus en- tirely Inclosing the Jewels in wash- leather. ‘The lower sketch shows the case closed. ‘The silk Is cut into tins curves at the edges and the {nitlols of the owner are worked with gold silk In the center. If desired, gold satin rib- bon can be easily added in front to se- eure the case. NO of the yarn {s almost reached the new yarn {s Inserted tn the eye of a large heedle, and then Is stitched up to the end of the old for an Inch and a half or more. The needle ts then with- drawn, the Joined threads given a slight twist, and It fs almost Imposstble to find the Joining. This may be used successfully with all wools that are not handtwisted, Double-Faced Neck Ribbons. Blouses are hardly considered fin- Ished Just now unless there Is a neck ribbon of some sort to finish the broad collar. ‘These ribbons are shown in the shops in every modish color and the latest to arrive are double-faced, On one side these are a plain color, white, blue rose and so on; the other side is a fine hair line of black and white or dark blue and white. It takes one and a fourth yards to make a neckplece, das: waite tinct, When working initials on handker- chiefs, or doing any fine embroidery, baste a plece of wiring paper under the design. The work will be smoother and the fingers will not be pricked. SHOE QUESTION MOMENTOUS ONE CLEAN FURS WITH SAWDUST Difficulty of Securing High Boots Probably Will Affect Length of Skirts. PARIS ABANDONS NARROW TOE American Women Sad to Be Last n Civillzed World to Cling to Pinched Vamp and Exag- igerated Evenoh Heal: New York.—The fashion in shoes has been unusually tnportant for three years, but now it has taken on renewed vigor. Women and manufac- turers are vitally concerned with what to wear, and how high or low it should be. ‘The recent shipment of shark's skins to this country to supply the deficiency tn leather Is Interesting. The manv- facturers say that the effect of shoes made out of the man-eaters that threatened and frightened us on the New Jersey const last summer will be good and that women will not com- plain that leather is no longer to be easily had, because they will be satis- fed with the new things. Cloth is ulso being substituted. Can- vas 1s readily used with a bit of leath- er in the way of strapping as a sop to an old tradition that shoes must be of certain hides. Brocade, silk, tussah, cotton are all called to the colors to serve the country In time of need. Leather shoes are mounting tn price, naturally, and yet there is no dispost- tion on the part of the manufacturers to make uny other kind of shoes at a low price. All labor 1s too high for any material reduction to be possible. The di Miculty ts to get worker and leather, and dire prophecles are made concerning both if the war continues well Into the future. ‘The French lengthened thelr skirts for spring and summer to meet the ditheulty of procuring high boots, they sald, and, therefore, the American Wwornan Is considering well the ques- tions which are put before her by the shoemakers and the dressinakers. The Shoe and the Skirt. ‘There Is no separating the two tr- sues, It would seem, for a woman who has been used to wearing the very short skirt will certainly be hampered ff she ean uo longer find the shoes to meet the sftuation. If the substitu- tion of other materials than leather does not meet with her approval, and she thinks the new kind are ugly, then she will lengthen her frocks and be In the first fashion. As 80 many questions were asked concerning the situation, and as it was evident that Parts was the source of both fashions, that is, the lengthened er by rae NGS This is an attractive morning frock of voile. The color is chestnut, the skirt is plain, and the bodice is em- broidered in smal) flowers. The belt is of blue velvet sibbon. gown and the new types of shoes, I sent there for the best Information to be had, so that women who read could make up thelr minds as to thelr ‘own course through expert knowledge. No matter how good our workman- ship In shoes In this country, we may have to go to France for idens, just as in other days France came to us for the short vamp, the Cuban heel, the reliable sole, the lacing tn front. And today France and the United States ure working together to meet It Is not easy to keep white furs white in summer and one does not Ike to go to the expense of having them cleaned in midseason. A perfectly harmless way of cleaning the furs yourself is by means of sawdust. Secure sawdust that 1s made from as porous woods as possible. However, any clean’ sawdust wil do, , Have plenty of It and rub {t thoroughly Into the fur, allowing {t to remain on for eight hours at a time so as to absorb any grease that may possibly have got on the furs, When the saw- dust has been well worked into. the fur and allowed to renioin there some time shake the fur i the open until it 1s ost. Cornmest ts also ef- fective, but the sidnst 18 cheaper, and this is a cons’ ‘erutlon when one has to use It frequently. Of course the sawdust ¢r cornmeal should be used but once as it comes away carrying dust and soll. Furriers frequently use hot sind to atean furs, and this 1s very gond, too. Yor the gixt at the soushore It: would the situation created by the deficiency ‘of shoe materials, and French skill has created some excellent results. Our long medieval vamp, with its consequent lengthening of the foot and the curious pinching effect at the toes, is roundly rejected by Paris for the sensible reason that her women are Walking now, as they have no car- rlages or automobiles.” ~~ ~=--ss:e France claims that the pinched vamp 1s not for the pedestrian, and she gave up the style that she indulged In for so long and at which Americans laughed; now our American women ‘are the only ones on the civilized parts ‘ot the planet who indulge In the ‘medieval toe balaneed on an exag- gerated French heel, What Paris ts doing today and how she has met the difficulties presented 1s clearly and interestingly told in the story which follows: ‘The last installment of American shoes for spring arrived during the winter, and the French article cut after the latest throb of the American market is now being placed in the win- dows here. Long Vamp Disappears. It ts faithful io all main points to its model, but the long vainp so loved oe file Oh We In this house gown of blue and sil- ver the satin skirt is draped with chif- fon, with yoke and bodice of silver and blue stripes beaten flat. Belt of violet vee Sleeves of blue chiffon. in France up to a dozen years ago has disappeared, probably forever, for French women, always wide awake’ to anything that’ heightens or detracts from thelr good points, have learned that the long vamp not only adds Inches to the foot, but is uncomfort- fable unless the shoe be two sizes too large. Every American model that came to Paris a year ago showed the ex- tremely long, narrow shoe, but Paris bootmakers shortened the vamp when copying It for their trade. ‘The shoe that I a Ia mode today and will be for the summer is the half-short vamp with arch under the foot, and the Cu- ban heel, if a boot, then it will be the luck with colored ‘top bordered in the patent leather around the Ineings at the top, and the seam at the back will be covered, ‘The top part ts of cloth or covert, and the color belge, gray or white. If the shoe is low, tt will be of the new kind of patent leather with a long tongue that extends above the instep amd posed over the toes will be a wide black buckle—steel, if for after- oon, imitation black enamel if for morning. For evening the smartest thing 1s the strapped yellow slipper of brocad- ed silk (generally yellow and white) or else the slipper Is laced across with ribbons, then wound about the leg above the ankle, Met fashion, Paris Gives Up Buttons. It took Parisiennes a long time to give up their dearly beloved buttoned shoe, but once relinquished they have taken to the Inced article with en- ‘thusiasm, For elegance they admit the buttoned model is the best, but the other article now appears so feminine to thom that It Is sure to remain, ‘The delicate shades of gray, pink, biscuit and belge for low- shoes ap- pear In the windows. The beige and gray will sell well because of their harmonizing tone, The tan and rus- set, too, look very encouraging, and woinen will be Investing In this’ shoe on the first bright day. With the russet and tan the heel is Cuban, und the newest low shoe is rather high over the instep and Inced. ‘The tle variety does not appear to be fashionable, though there are many women who prefer nurrow ribbon to laces in their shoes, All leather s varnished and suggests patent leather, though In many cases this is due to the finish, Gun metal hus never taken here, probably because tt Is hard to keep clean in the constant rain and slush. (Copyrign, 112, by the McClure Newspa- ‘be an excellent idea to get a quantity of pure, clean sand for this purpose. Matching Costume, ‘One of the most recent fads has to do With the shoe and spats made of material to mateh the sports skirts. ‘This means that khaki and slinilar fats ries have been put to novel use. The first impression 1 that this fad wil not be of long duration becanse the figured fabric tends to make the foot appear freakish and to Increase its apparent size. It is Mkely that the majority of women will adhere to the plain spat, even though its color may contrast with that of the pump. Muslin in Candy Stripes. Candy-striped muslin in pink and white, yellow and white and red and white, is used for one-piece frocks for “country wear. ‘They are trimmed with “borders of the solid color or with frish Lc Miia aa