The Broad Ax

THE BROAD AX HEW TO THE LINE. WHO IS RIGHT? Julius F. Taylor or Rev. Abraham Lincoln Murray Vol. VIII. The controversy now raging between these two gentlemen is causing unusual disturbance in the circles of colored society, and thus far the judgment of many of these people is unreasonable. Let us look upon this unpleasant controversy between these two men from an unprejudiced standpoint and see if we can convince the public which one of these two men is right and which is wrong. From what I have read and from what people have told me about Rev. Abraham Lincoln Murray I am persuaded to take sides with Mr. Taylor and shall insist that he is right and is contending for those principles and practices which should obtain and be the rule adhered to by all good christian people everywhere; and that the rule which the Rev. Abraham Lincoln Murray and his admirers and friends are contending for is wrong in theory and in practice and should be shunned and condemned by all enlightened and well disposed people. The true Christian religion can no more thrive on the practice of immorality than truth can be successfully defended by the practice of falsehood. Suffice it to be said that I know nothing bad of my own knowledge about the Rev. Abraham Lincoln Murray. All that I know about him is what the Conservator and Thie Broad Ax, two newspapers published in the interests of the Afro-American race, and a few responsible people have told me about him, and I am sure what these papers and responsible people have written and said about him is neither wholesome or pleasant things to be heard about a man occupying such a responsible place in society as he does. The ugly things these papers and people say about him, I confess, would make an impartial one speak as the old adage would say: "Where there is so much smoke there is some fire." Mr. Taylor questions, and severely so, the honesty, morality, and virtue of Rev. Abraham Lincoln Murray, but not any more so, nor even as bad as the Conservator has done. Mr. Taylor, surmising the things said about him to be true, simply called him a hypocrite, and in plain language he points to the specific acts upon which he bases the right to call the Rev. gentleman a hypocrite, also in the same language he insists that the true religion is not being preached nor lived up to in Bethel Church; that the exercises indulged in by the pastor and his flock partakes largely of fetichism and vaudevilleism, and that the species of worship there is fast superseding the Christian religion. Is it so? This plain denunciation of Rev. Abraham Lincoln Murray by Mr. Taylor has caused a veritable storm among the flock and especially the large number of women that follow him wherever he goes. This storm has fanned the passions of these women into a wreckless fury aided by a few week-minded men these women have indeavored to incumpass and suppress the writing of The Broad Ax, so far as it concerns the Rev. Abraham Lincoln Murray and to hush up the voice of Mr. Taylor by locking him up in jail, or penitentiary, as the case may be. To secure this end these women and men have transceded the bounds of Christian decency, by going before the grand jury and securing two indictments against him, for criminal libel. In securing these indictments they show decidedly that they have fallen back on the old forbidden law: "An eye for an eye; a tooth for a tooth," and "kittle calls pot black." Think of these women and men and (no doubt acting with the con- sent of Rev. Murray) abandoning the christian rule for the devil's rule, in dealing with Mr. Taylor. Does not these facts make one believe that the true religion is being superseded in Bethel Church by the practice of fetichism and vaudevilleism? Had these women and weak minded men possessed the true spirit of Christianity and a love of race pride they would have chosen to have settled this, controversy according to that beautiful rule adopted by Christ and so earnestly by him commended to his disciples—"If ye be smote upon the left cheek turn ye the right cheek.' Neither Rev. Murray or any one for him, have denied the truth of these accusations, they simply say these accusations injure his virtue and honesty—and we are going to send Mr. Taylor to the penitentiary for publishing them. A few Sunday nights ago Bethel Church was crowded to its fullest capacity, to hear Rev. Murray, and his friend on the question of how they would dispose of The Broad Ax and its editor. Upon the platform upon which the pulpit stood sat men- strangers to the people and doubtless strangers to Christ and God, and upon the altar was a large gilt edged Bible, containing the golden rule—do unto others that which you would have them do unto you. After disposing of those preliminaries which are usually observed for money getting, these strangers were in turn introduced to the audience and they went at once for their mutton—Julius F. Taylor. In substance they said that Rev. Abraham Lincoln Murray was a special messenger from God and no man had a right to question his conduct in or out of the pulpit. that Julius F. Taylor was a mean, dirty man for writing the scurrilous things about the Rev. Abraham Lincoln Murray. that the things said about him did not hurt him but they degraded the race. These speakers wound up by inviting the audience to be present in the criminal court the next morning to see Rev. Abraham Lincoln Murray strip Mr. Taylor of his citizen's clothing and put upon him the garb of a criminal and send him to the penitentiary where he belongs. These speeches and promises evidently carried the large audience beyond self control and self respect, for they arose, men and women, in their seats and cheered this brutal assault on religion, right, justice and truth, as they had never before cheered the Christian religion and Christ's triumph over hell and the grave. The fact that Mr. Taylor was flesh and blood of these people, his wife a lovely woman, his home the abode of love, truth, patriotism and good will for his neighbor and pride for his race, all these attributes of good citizenship and more still, that should appeal to the human heart when it comes to denying to one liberty and justice or when inflicting upon another human being punishment for wrong done had no effect nor did these noble virtues appeal to a single person in that vast audience, and I doubt whether anyone of them had in their heart any sympathy or good for any human being who did not believe and do as they believed and did. Reason held no claim upon these people's judgment nor is it responsible for their acts. "Because they, seeing, see not, and hearing, they hear not, neither do they understand." But Julius F. Taylor is not the only human being which the people of Bethel church. lead by Rev. Abraham Lincoln Murray, have denied Christian justice. for not long since a good Christian woman was frowned upon by its members and was M. S. S. Attorney Robert M. Mitchell, reviews the great controversy between Rev. Abraham Lincoln Murray, and Julius F. Taylor. driven from that church because she cried out and was proof against the brutish assault that was made on her virtue in the temple dedicated to God and to the saving of human souls from ruin and destruction. This good woman, grieved by the assault, appealed to the church tribunal for justice and the church tribunal denied her justice. She then appealed to the Bishop and his appointees—the ministers for justice but the Bishop and his appointees—was not seemingly as kind and just to this outraged woman as Jesus was to the wronged woman that appealed to him for justice against the Pharasees. Christ did hear, discuss and determine the weighty question of the law as well as the right of the woman under the law. The woman went away in peace, the Pharasees confounded by the light of truth, turned away from Christ and apparently forgetting all that the woman whom they went there to condemn. But, apparently, it was not so with this woman. It appears that the Bishop and his ministers heard, discussed and determined the guilt of the woman—they exonerated the man and bid him go his way for they were satisfied with him. Yet I am persuaded to believe that this good woman whom the Bishop and ministers found guilty has done more for the uplifting and moral improvement of the unfortunate and misguided youths of our race than Rev. Abraham Lincoln Murray and his brand of enthusiastic women admirers have done. If it be true that the Bishop and ministers who judged this woman guilty, may I not say of them in the true spirit of the master. Ye blind guides, which strain at a nat and swallow a camel, Woe unto you, hypocrites, for ye are alike unto white sepulchers which indeed appear beautiful outward, but full of dead men's bones, and all unclean. But after all what I have read in the Conservator and The Broad Ax, about Rev. Murray and the things that others have told me about him, still I am of the opinion that he is more the victim of a terrible and oppressive system than he is a bad man at heart or week in the flesh. The public should take into consideration the fact, while judging him and determining the truth of these scandalous charges, that he did not come to Bethel Church of his own notion, or because the people wanted him, he came because the Bishop sent him. The Bishop sent him there to get dollar money. Experience shows that Rev. Abraham Lincoln Murray is a good dollar getter, and the Bishop certainly appreciated that virtue above all things. It is said that the Bishop loves the minister best that can bring to the conference the most dollar money, and he who usually takes the most dollars the Bishop greets: "Well done thou good and faithful servant, come up higher." To come up higher means to go back to the same place or go to a fatter one where dollars are more plentiful. Paul Dun- bar once wrote of these ministers or appointees of the Bishop and said: "They bend their best energies in the pulpits to getting or collecting the dollar money for the Bishop while vice and crime sit in the windows of the church. and smile at them, while immorality spreads its withering and blighting effects upon all about them." Now in order to get the dollars the minister must do a great many things which true Christianity would not sanction or an honest man countenance. For these reasons I have reached the conclusion that Rev. Abraham Lincoln Murray may or he may not have committed the wrongs laid against him by the Conservator and The Broad Ax. He is a servant of the Bishops and desires to continue in their confidence. Consequently he must fulfill their requirements if he must remain a member of the gospel. I do not mean to say that the Rev. Bishops would have their ministers to transgress the moral law. Not at all, but they must get dollars. It will be seen that this system works injury not only to the preacher but to the cause of Christianity. Now, I insist that Mr. Taylor is simply opposed to this terrible system which produces immorality, fetichism and vaudevilleism in our churches and the manly way that he takes his stand against the ministers that adhere to such a system entitles him to, at least, the confidence and respect of those who love virtue and morality in the pulpit. The pulpit is no place for hypocricy and immorality. In his effort to arrest the progress of fetichism and vaudevilleism in our churches and to place in the pulpits men of high moral character he deserves the encouragement, moral and financial support of good meaning Christian people. He deserves a different and better judgment than that which the public have accorded the Conservator. Let us note the difference in the conduct of the two papers. In May, 1901, the Conservator published many very scurrilous and highly defamatory articles respecting the Rev. Abraham Lincoln Murray connecting him in a most debauching way with viscious women of low houses. The publication of these articles brought a blush of shame to every cheek that read of the charges. The ministers of the black belt of Alabama have never been guilty of so horrible and revolting wrongs. The said paper asserted that he was a vile monster who was unfit to preach or enter the homes of decent men and women, yet recently this paper, under the same management says that "the articles published by it were not true; that they were inspired by the personal enemies of Rev. Murray," although it failed to furnish the public the names of these enemies and to explain that these enemies of Rev. Murray induced the Conservator to publish such scandalous articles against a man as good as Rev. Murray, neither has it explained to the public how it became convinced that it was victimized. that at first it was simply talking through its hat concerning Rev. Murray, that now it has changed fronts on the question and is his greatest shouter or supporter and the avowed enemy of Julius F. Taylor. I understand that the Conservator never went to the editor of The Broad Ax and told him that the scurrilous articles which it had published concerning the Rev. Murray were false and that they had been victimized by his enemies and gave him the names of the persons that induced the Conservator to first publish these awful stories of debauchery. I agree with a great many good men and women who have been drawn into this unpleasant controversy that Julius F. Taylor's way and manner of pointing out the alleged immoral acts of Rev. Murray is not such as a refined, cultured and enlightened person would like and appreciate, but nevertheless, all lovers of truth and justice must admit that he is fighting for those principles and conduct that should be observed and appreciated by Christian people. He is willing to stand by his honest convictions and be judged accordingly. I ask the public to withhold its judgment until the truth shall be told in that forum to which Rev. Abraham Lincoln Murray has appealed. ROOT'S CONFESSION OF FAILURE. At the celebration of the fortieth anniversary of the Union League club in New York the other night Secretary Root of the war department said: 'After the civil war the great question was, 'What shall we do with the black man?' and the answer was, 'Give him citizenship, equal rights, and he will rise.' Three amendments were added to the constitution and I fear we will have to face the conclusion that the experiment has failed.' Mr. Root expressly stated that "the suffrage has been taken away from the Negro" in many of the southern states and that in addition to disfranchisement there is a growing disposition to deny to the black man "the right to aspire to the highest there is in American citizenship." He might have added that there is a growing disposition to deny to the black man recognition or opportunity according to his merits and to consign him permanently to the place of a menial no matter how deserving he may be. What he said about the failure of the "three" constitutional amendments implies as much. It implies that the first of the three, which declares slavery abolished, is a failure. And is it not, when the black man is effectively denied the place which he earns by his merits and which would be cheerfully accorded to any white man of equal merit? Is it not a failure when a public sentiment is sedulously cultivated in all the old slave states, and not so greatly discouraged as it might be elsewhere, which holds the black man in contempt, denies him opportunities and dooms him to menial service merely because of his race? It is significant that Secretary Root, one of the most conspisuous men in the councils of the Republican party, boldly and expressly admits that the distinctively Republican amendments—the fourteenth and fifteenth—have failed to secure to the black man even his civil rights and the equal protection of the laws, not to speak of political rights. It is a fact that these amendments have signally failed. It was their theory that the black men were admitted to the enjoyment of political privileges and protection in them by constitutional amendments he would be able by the exercise of these privileges to defend his civil rights. This theory has utterly broken down. Perhaps the Republican leaders did not sufficiently allow for the tremendous force of a contempt for the black man and his rights rooted by generations of slavery and wrong and cruelty—a contempt which reduced the value of the life of a black man to that of a beast and the crime of taking that life to the same level. No.17. But it is more probable that those leaders were insincere. They wholly abandoned the attempt to protect the black man when. after 1876, they found they could no longer use him to keep themselves and their party in power. Ever since then they have devoted themselves to the spoilation of the many for enrichment and aggrandizement of the few by protective tariff and kindred laws. By such laws and by their advantage in the Philippines, in which Mr. Root has born so conspicuous a part, they have assailed liberty and human rights instead of defending them. Says Mr. Root: "We never can throw off the responsibility that rests on our people for the welfare of these black people that we held in slavery for so many generations." and he adds that the question of what to do now that the amendments have failed, "should take the greatest thought of the greatest minds of the country." Certainly the Republican party has not done much to rescue the amendments from "innocuous desuetude." Its leaders have looked on very complacently while the fourteenth amendment has been invoked scores of times in defense of corporations, for whose benefit it was not intended, and they have put off every appeal to use it in defense of the blacks. for whose benefit it was intended. Would they like to know what to do? Suppose they cultivate a popular respect for right by ceasing to do wrong by tariff and other legislation. Suppose they try to make the constitution respected by putting forth a serious effort to enforce it in some particulars, as, for instance, in the representation of states which deliberately violate that instrument by disfranchising the black man solely because he is black and because his father was cruelly wronged by slavery. But the Republican party is not doing things of that kind and has not been for more than a quarter of a century.—The Chicago Chronicle. The above editorial is full of the absolute truth and the policy which the leaders of the Republican party have adopted in dealing with the people of Porto Rico and the inhabitants of the Philippine Islands are largely responsible for the new movement in this country against permitting the Negro to exercise his civil and political rights. THE WHITE AND THE BLACK OF IT. Some of the California paper are lauding Booker Washington and belittling Toussaint L'Ouverture and Frederick Douglass. This may be the white man's view of it. As for the Colored people, it is sufficient for them that L'Ouverture freed his country from the white man's rule and Douglass helped free his race from the white man's chains. The rest of their lives they were devoted to conserving the political freedom of their race. Washington, emerging in childhood into a freedom which Douglass helped bestow, since grown to manhood has facilitated by his talk more than any one other living man the movements that have taken away from the Negro almost every vistage of his civil and political liberty below Mason and Dixon's line. Under Douglass the Negro was secure in his rights in the north and the south was held in check by favorable northern sentiment. Since Washington got the stage the Negro's civil rights are threatened in the north, and northern public opinion has become so weakened that the south has a free hand to oppress him. It all depends upon whether you view Negro leadership from the Negro's or from the white man's standpoint.—The Guardian, Boston, Mass. Rev. or Elder D. R. Wilkins let it be known sometime ago that he had the dead wood on Rev. Abraham Lincoln Murray; that he can lead him around by the nose; that at the time he was fighting Rev. Murray, the latter Rev. or Elder called at the office of the Old Church Organ, "fell down on his hands and knees and asked for forgiveness from his past sins." George Washington FIRST IN WAR ~ FIRST IN PEACE AND FIRST IN THE HEARTS OF HIS COUNTRYMEN WASHINGTON AT VALLEY FORGE. FTER having been stabbed by Brutus, and immediately preceding his death, Julius Caesar, in one of the most intensely dramatic scenes ever enacted upon the stage of real life, said: "I have provided for everything in my life excepting death, and now, alas! I am to die, though entirely unprepared." How different were the last dying words of George Washington: "It is well!" Both were great, as the world measures greatness, but when the curtain fell their last words revealed, as nothing else so forcibly could, the relative merits of their earthly deeds to true greatness. country would be the one Blended with it, in has would be honesty, nobility, and all those eleven which go to make up the Washington, it is true struggle with poverty, Americans who have have done, for his pari for the times in which wealth did not, as is so fasten upon him idle and From the beginning of close his life was a busy from vices of every kington's morality has even an example for the yo- Washington retired from the presidential chair on the 4th of March, 1797. His death occurred on the 14th of December, 1799. These nearly three years of his life were spent happily and peacefully at his beautiful Mount Vernon home, superintending his large estates and enjoying a health that promised a lease of life far beyond the 68 years that were allotted to him. It was his usual custom to ride over his estate each day to look after the work that was being done by his slaves. He was doing so on the 12th of December, 1799. A drizzling rain, turning into snow, was falling and he returned home late in the afternoon, shivering with cold, but sat down to his dinner without changing his clothes. The next morning he had a slight cold and remained in the house until late in the afternoon, when he again rode over his farm, returning quite hoarse. He refused, however, to comply with Mrs. Washington's suggestion to take a remedy, saying: "You know I never take anything to carry off a cold. Let it go as it came." He passed the evening as usual, reading, writing letters and conversing with his family, and at his accustomed hour retired to bed. About two o'clock the next morning he awoke in an ague chill and was seriously ill. At sunrise his physician, Dr. Craig, was sent for. He lived some miles away and it was 11 o'clock before he arrived at the house. Two other physicians were also called, but, despite their efforts, Washington's condition continued to grow worse. His sufferings from the inflammation of his throat and the struggling for breath were severe. He knew that death was approaching, but he retained his composure. He spoke to his wife about business affairs and to others about his funeral, examined his will, and destroyed some papers which he did not wish preserved. About four o'clock in the afternoon he said to Dr. Craig: "Doctor, I am going to die, but I am not afraid to go. I believed from my first attack that I should not survive it. My breath cannot last long." About six o'clock his physician asked him if he did not wish to sit up in bed. He held out his hand and was raised up on his pillow, when he said: "I feel that I am going. I thank you for GEO, WASHINGTON PARKE CUSTIS. GEN. GEORGE WASHINGTON. THE WASHINGTON A your attention. You had better not take any more trouble about me, but let me go off quietly. I cannot last long." He then sank back on his pillow and made several unsuccessful attempts to speak. About ten o'clock in the evening he motioned to those around him to approach his bedside and said feebly: his footsteps during his tender years are whose influence followed him in his after life was a model mother. Kind, loving, devoted and watchful, she instilled into the mind of her son the principles of Christian religion and molded a character that the vices of his times could not corrupt. He attributed to her early training much "I am just going. Have me decently buried, and do not let my body be placed in the grave until three days after I am dead. Do you understand?" To the reply, "Yes, sir," he answered: "It is well." These were his last words, and soon afterwards he who was "the Father of His Country," and "first in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen," breathed his last. A PICTURE OF PATRIOTISM To give a biography of Washington would be to paint a picture of patriotism itself. It would be a picture in which devotion to --- S country would be the conspicuous feature. Blended with it, in harmonious coloring, would be honesty, nobility, spotless integrity, and all those elements of character which go to make up true manhood. Washington, it is true, did not have to struggle with poverty, as so many of our Americans who have attained greatness have done, for his parents were wealthy for the times in which he lived. But this wealth did not, as is so generally the case, fasten upon him idle and dissolute habits. From the beginning of his career until its close his life was a busy and active one, free from vices of every kind. Indeed, Washington's morality has ever been held up as an example for the youth, and even the mousing historian has failed in his attacks upon it. Washington enjoyed. all the substantial comforts and the advantages of a good education, and, at the age of 16, left home and school to engage in the occupation of civil engineering and surveying, which at that time, when the country was a pathless forest and infested by Indians, was a calling filled with hardships and beset with perils. He followed it for three years. Then hostilities with the Indians began and the government appointed him a major in the army sent to operate against them. Shortly after this the American war between France and England, over claims to territory, broke out and Washington, espousing the cause of his mother country, was commissioned a colonel. The war lasted four years and at its close, then only 28 years of age, he returned to his home at Mount Vernon with an enviable reputation as a military officer, and for 15 years devoted himself to the farming of his estates. Then came the war of the revolution and he was called from this happy home to take the position of commander in chief of the American armies. A thousand pens have told the story of his career in that struggle for our independence as a nation. For seven long years he endured hardship and suffered privation, gave freely of his fortune, and separated himself from the endearments of home. When at last the victory came and the new government under the constitution was launched, the people attested their appreciation of the value of his services and the confidence they had in his wisdom by calling him, with a unanimous voice, to rule over the new nation as its first president. He remained in the executive chair for two terms of four years each when he once more returned to his home, which he loved so well and the comforts of which he had enjoyed so little during his long, perilous, eventful and busy public career. MOTHER AND WIFE In the two great influences which have so much to do with the shaping of the lives of men—mother and wife—Washington was peculiarly blessed. The woman who guided ELEANOR PARKE CUSTIS. WILLIAM LEE. MARTHA WASHINGTON. FAMILY AT HOME. his footsteps during his tender years and whose influence followed him in his after life was a model mother. Kind, loving, devoted and watchful, she instilled into the mind of her son the principles of Christian religion and molded a character that the vices of his times could not corrupt. He attributed to her early training much of the success that came to him during the eventful career through which Providence led him. A nation's homage gathers around the memory of Washington's mother and her name is written in history. As illustrative of the influence that his mother had over him, Mrs. Alexander Hamilton says that while Washington was in the meridian of his fame a brilliant reception was given one evening in his honor at Fredericksburg, Va. When the church bells sounded the hour of nine Lady Washington, his mother, arose, and walking across the room to where her son was engaged in conversation with a party of gentlemen, said: "Come, George, it is nine o'clock. It is time to go home." Washington turned --- and offered his mother his arm and in a few moments they left for their home, but in telling the story Mrs. Hamilton, in her memoirs, adds: "We must, however, not fail to record that after he had seen his mother home, he returned to the reception and spent the remainder of the evening." The wife of Washington, to whom he was married when he was 27 years of age, had been Mrs. Martha Custis, a young widow of great wealth and beauty. She had landed estates at the time of her marriage that were valued at $100,000, with "an incumbrance" of two children. Washington, before that, was wealthy. The beautiful estate of Mount Vernon had descended to him by inheritance. After his marriage he enlarged his home mansion, embellished the grounds, and made considerable additions, by purchase, to the estate, which consisted of 8,000 acres, 4,000 of which were tilled, the remainder being in wood and uncultivated land. His occupation was that of a large planter, raising wheat and tobacco. The wheat was ground on the estate and shipped for sale. The tobacco was sent to England, from which then almost every article of domestic use was imported. This was the beautiful home and the happy, independent life he left to fight the battles for the struggling colonies. Martha Washington was a noble Christian woman, refined and educated, and she ever exercised over him an influence that was helpful and good. When he parted with her to take command of the army in the revolutionary war, she said: "This is a sorrowful day for me, but your country needs you and you must go. My morning and evening prayers will be that God will watch over and protect you and return you, when victory is won, safely to me." And that God of the nations, who was with the colonies in their unequal struggle for independence, answered her prayers. NOT HIS FIRST LOVE But Martha Custis, this loving, devoted wife, was not his first love. The heart of Washington had been won before he gave it to her. This other love was a Miss Bettie Fantleroy. She was the daughter of William Fantleroy, a wealthy Virginia planter, at whose home he had frequently visited during the time he was engaged in surveying. It would seem from what biographers have been able to gather concerning this love romance of the first president that Miss Fantleroy had not been favorably impressed with Washington as a lover and that she had refused his offer of marriage. At that time Washington was 20 years old. His active, out-of-door surveyor's GEORGE V GEORGE WASHINGTON. life had probably made his personal appearance such as would not attract a young lady of Miss Fantleroy's mold, although his manners were refined, courteous and gentle, and his address that of an educated gentleman. He is described as being six feet two inches in height, broad shouldered, and weighing 200 pounds. He was tremendously large muscled. It is said that he wore a No.13 boot and that he could not buy gloves large enough to fit his big hands. His hair was a chestnut brown, his cheeks were prominent, and his head was not large in comparison to every other part of his body. Added to all this he was awkward and "was an enormous eater." This was a description of him when he was a young man. Of course, his personal appearance changed when he grew older. Had Miss Fantleroy seen him in his later years, and known the fame to which he would arise, she might probably have given a different answer. AS A MILITARY HERO Unlike most of the great military commanders of history, Washington was not trained to the manual of arms. He was not a professional soldier, as were Alexander the Great, Julius Caesar, Hannibal, Napoleon and Grant. When his country called him to battle with its foes he was engaged in civil pursuits. He dropped these to enter its service, and when its wars were over he laid aside the sword and returned to the avocations of the civilian. And yet Washington as a general takes rank with those military heroes who made martialism their life business. In the hostilities with the Indians, when he acted as a major, and in the war with France, when he was a colonel, he displayed skill, courage, coolness and all those elements which mark a born leader of men in time of war. One instance showing this in a high degree occurred during the war with France, when he was a colonel in Gen. Braddock's army. The lack of caution on the part of this British officer during the attempt to accomplish the reduction of Fort Duquesne led his army into an ambush the Indian allies of the French had planned, and, while they were marching through the forests unmindful of danger, like the burat of a storm from the cloudless sky came the roar of musketry and the raining of bullets. No foe was to be seen; yet every tree concealed a lurking savage and over every stone was pointed a hostile riffle. Braddock and hundreds of his brave men fell in death. Half the army gone, the remainder broke in wild confusion and fled. Washington, familiar with Indian warfare and tactics, with his regiment of 400 --- provincials, who were in the rear, took to the trees to cover the retreat of the British regulars, and poured such a swift and unerring fire upon the enemy that checked pursuit and allowed what was left of the army to escape in safety. This was regarded at the time as a great military feat, and "Braddock's defeat" rang through the land as "Washington's victory." The war of the revolution, however, brought out his highest abilities as a commander and displayed his true military genius. No man of ancient or modern times was ever called to a more difficult task. The whole population of the united American colonies did not exceed 3,000,000. England was the mistress of the seas and the strongest military power on the globe. The men in her armies were trained to war and had every equipment for war that wealth could purchase. The little band of colonists which stepped forth to meet this giant had neither training, supplies, fleets or military resources. The odds in the encounter were fearfully against us, and no one knew it better than George Washington. Defeat meant ruin to him, and, perhaps, ignominious death on the scaffold. But sublimely he stepped forth and accepted the responsibilities of the post. MET ALL RESPONSIBILITIES History tells us how he met these responsibilities—how he transferred the raw militia into the trained veterans; how, with miserably meager resources at his command, he struggled to equip, clothe, feed and maintain them; how for ten long months he entrenched Boston and, without a single battle, so harassed the enemy that he compelled them to evacuate the city; how for many weary weeks, with only 12,000 half starved troops, poorly clad and equipped, he held the city of New York against a force four times his own numbers and at last, having been compelled to evacuate it, he crossed over into the Jerseyss, pursued by the enemy, when he suddenly turned on them at Trenton and Princeton, amidst a storm of wind and snow, gained the two most brilliant victories of the war, and drove the British from the state; how, with men whose shoeless feet stained the snow in crimson red, he passed the winter at Valley Forge and in the spring defeated the foe at Monmouth; and how in the succeeding years of the war he endured hardship and suffered privation, sacrificed his own fortune and separated himself from the endearments of home, manfully and heroically bore up in defeat without losing courage or hope and turned these reverses in the end into glorious victory for his ```markdown ``` armies. With the meager resources at his command and the powerful foe he faced, it is doubtful if any other soldier general in history could have accomplished what he did. Could Alexander, could Hannibal, could Napoleon, could Wellington? With all due deference to the great abilities of the revered military commander who defeated Lee and won Appomattox, could Grant? And then his consideration for the feelings, the wounded pride, of that defeated foe! At Yorktown came the closing scenes of the long and bloody struggle, and Cornwallis, surrounded by the Americans, was compelled to surrender to Washington. As the British were marching from their entrenchments to lay down their arms, Washington thus addressed his victorious and exulting troops: "My Brave Fellows—Let no sensation of satisfaction for the victory you have won induce you to insult the enemy. Let no shouting, no clamorous huzzaiing increase their mortification. Posterity will huzza for us." This virtually ended the war, and the following season not an armed British soldier was treading American soil. The yoke of England, that had so long oppressed the colonists, had been lifted from their necks. WASHINGTON IN CIVIL LIFE The independence of the colonies having been secured, the great problem which faced the new nation was the formation of a constitution which would harmonize the conflicting views of the leading men from the different colonies, who were clamoring for certain reserved rights of local administration, and which would, at the same time, give to the general government a centralized power that would meet its wants and needs and enable it to take its stand, equal in efficiency and endurance, among the other great nations of the earth. A convention was called to consider this momentous question. It met at Philadelphia in 1787. Washington was sent as a delegate from Virginia and by a unanimous vote was placed in the presiding officer's chair. The result was the present constitution of the United States (excepting the amendments). It created a nation with supreme powers for all the purposes of general government, but it left with the states, as state governments leave with cities and towns, those minor questions of local government and law which our forefathers thought the states could best solve for themselves. There were some provisions in the compromise which Washington did not ap- ```markdown ``` THE HISTORY OF THE HOME WASHINGTON'S HEADQUARTERS AT VALLEY FORGE. CORNWALLIS SURRENDERING BRITISH STANDARDS AT YORKTOWN. prove. One of these, although a slaveholder himself, was the recognition of slavery. He had fought for national liberty under a banner which, in the declaration of independence, had declared that "all men are born free and equal." With Adams and Jefferson he believed that the corner stone of the new republic should be equal rights under the law for all men, with no recognized aristocracies or peculiar rights for certain classes or races. It was to this unfortunate compromise that he alluded when he wrote: "There are some things in this form, I will readily acknowledge, which never did, WASHINGTON'S HEADQU and I am persuaded never will, obtain my cordial approbation. 'But I did then conceive, and I do now firmly believe, that, in the aggregate, it is the best constitution that can be obtained in this epoch, and that this or a dissolution awaits our choice. It is the only alternative.' As president Washington gave many evidences of his ability as a public civil official. He had not the scholarism of Jefferson and some of the earlier presidents, but he had clear judgment, keen foresight, incorruptible integrity, and a common sense way of looking at and deciding matters that seldom led him into error. The public questions that arose during his administration were new and perplexing. Whether he was advised as much as our later presidents were the records do not disclose. One thing, however, is certain, he did not have the help of the newspapers in his decisions of tangled problems as much as the later-day presidents have had. Some of his executive acts were criticised, but as time removed the prejudices then existing and threw greater light on affairs, the acts he performed and the opinions he expressed and held have proven, in the main, to have been correct. His public services as president were devoid of selfishness and ambitious motives, free from party prejudices, and prompted by motives that he believed to be for the best interests of the nation. PURITY OF CHARACTER In purity of character and freedom from vices of every kind, Washington stands as a model for American youth. His reply to his indignant father, whose impetuous nature was aroused by the apparent wantonness of the cutting of his favorite cherry tree: "Father, I cannot tell a lie; I cut the tree," was a striking symbolical illustration of the development in boyhood of the character of his manhood. During the war with France, when Washington was a colonel in the British army, many of the men in his regiment of provincials were frontiersmen, coarse and wicked and profane. He abhorred the vice of swearing and, determined to break it up, issued the following official order: "Col. Washington has observed that the men of his regiment are very profane and reprobate. He takes this opportunity to inform them of his great displeasure at such practices, and assures them that if they do not leave them off they shall be severely punished. The officers are desired, if they hear any man swear or make use of any oath or execration, to order the offender 25 lashes immediately, without a court-martial. For a second offense he shall be more severely punished." So prevalent were profanity and vulgarity in the army during the first year of the revolutionary war that in 1786 he issued the following notice to his soldiers at New York: "The general of the army is sorry to be informed that the foolish and distasteful practice of swearing is growing in fashion GORNWALLIS SURRENDERING B He hopes that the officers will, by example as well as by influence, endeavor to check it, and that both they and the men will reflect that we can have little hope of the blessings of Heaven on our aims if we insult it by impiety. Added to this, it and profanity are vices so mean and low, without any temptation, that everyone of sense and character detests and despises them. The general hopes that every officer and man will endeavor to live and act as becomes a Christian soldier." During his army life Washington did not forget or neglect his religious duties. His morning and evening prayers were always offered, and, whenever possible, he observed the other means of divine grace. At one time, when the army was encamped near Morristown, N. J., he called on Rev. Dr. Jones, the pastor of the Presbyterian church at that town, and said: "Doctor, I understand that the Lord's supper is to be celebrated with you next Sunday. I --- would learn if it accords with the rules of your church to admit communicants of other denominations at your table?" "Certainly," was the reply, "ours is not the Presbyterian table, but the Lord's table, and we give the Lord's invitation to all His followers of whatever name." "I am glad of it," the general responded, "that is as it should be. I propose to join with you on that occasion. Though a member of the Church of England, I have no exclusive partialities." The pastor reassured him of a cordial welcome, and on the next Sabbath day the war-worn veteran, with several of his offi QUARTERS AT VALLEY FORGE. WASHINGTON'S WEALTH It is probable that at his death Washington was worth $530,000. The late Paul Leicester Ford, in his excellent work, "The True George Washington," puts it at that sum. This did not include the property that his wife brought on their marriage, which is estimated at $100,000. Washington always insisted that she should retain that in her name, nor did it include the $20,000 which the death of Patsy Custis in 1773 added to the estates. He was, therefore, one of the wealthiest men of his time, for then wealth was not so much centralized as it is now. His hand, however, was a charitable one. He gave freely of his wealth to deserving causes and expended large sums towards maintenance of the army during the revolutionary war, as well as contributing to the support of the provisional government. John Adams, in one of his moods of jealousy toward Washington, once asked: "Would Washington have been commander of the army or president of the United States if he had not married the widow of rich Mr. Custis?" He undoubtedly would, for he had achieved military fame before the revolutionary war cloud came over the land and had proven his fitness. While he was wealthy, he gave of that wealth for his country's need in its darkest hours and such cynical questions cannot tarnish his fame or patriotism. Illustrative of this willingness on his part to sacrifice his wealth to his country's good is this instance: In 1781 the British were marching through Virginia and carrying on a general system of plunder and devastation. They laid Richmond in ashes and ascended the Chesapeake and the Potomac, landing at Mount Vernon, Washington's home. To save the mansion from flames and pillage, the manager of the estate furnished the army with an abundance of supplies. When Washington heard of it he was much displeased and wrote his agent as follows: "It would have been a less painful circumstance to me to have heard that, in consequence of your refusal to comply with their request, they had burned my house and laid the plantation in ruins." HIS PLACE IS SECURE It was not his public life and services alone that have given to Washington the commanding position he holds in the affections of the American people. His personal character, his unimpeachable integrity, the purity of his motives, and the tenor of his whole private life have had much to do with it. He was able to become first in the hearts of his countrymen because he deserved this distinction, and because by his honor and truth, his wisdom and judgment, he rose above the intrigues of the selfish and jealous men and the turmoil of party passion and pointed the way BRITISH STANDARDS AT YORKTOWN. to national strength in national righteousness. The acts of no man in public life have been free from criticism, nor has his character remained unassailed, but fewer of these shafts have been turned on Washington than on other men who have held such high positions of trust and honor; but they cannot dim the luster that has gathered around his name or detract from the reverence in which he is held by every patriotic American. No better evidence of the esteem in which he was held by his contemporaries could be given than the fact that the public observance of his birthday began during his lifetime. This has been true of no other American. And the anniversary of his birth is the only "man's birthday" made a legal holiday by this nation. Whatever other names have come or may come up for honor and reverence, that of Washington is secure as the first in the Hall of Fame. FRANK DILDINE. --- THE BROAD AX. Will promulgate and at all times uphold the true principles of Democracy, but Catholics, Protestants, Priests, Infidels, Farmers, Single Taxers, Republicans, Knights of Labor, or any one else can have their say, so long as their language is proper and responsibility is fixed. The Broad Ax is a newspaper whose platform is broad enough for all, ever claiming the editorial right to speak its own mind. Local communications will receive attention. Write only on one side of the paper. Subscriptions must be paid in advance. advertising rates made known on application communications to THE BROAD AX JULIUS F. TAYLOR, Editor and Publisher. Entered at the Post Office at Chicago, as Second-class Matter. Negro Who Defended Jeff Davis. A Jackson. Miss.. dispatch states that the postoffice incident at Indianola serves to recall the fact that the first Negro appointed to a public office in Mississippi was Charles T. Montgomery, a former slave of Jefferson Davis, and brother of I. T. Montgomery, now the government receiver of public money at Jackson. Charles Montgomery was elected by General E. O. C. Ford, the military governor of Mississippi, as a justice of the peace, and served quite acceptably in the office. I. T. Montgomery, the receiver of publis moneys, is on of the best known Negroes in the South, and he enjoys the distinction of being the only colored member of the constitutional convention of 1899. Up to a short time since he was mayor of the town of Mound Bayou, in Bolivar county, which is populated exclusively by colored people. He has always been classed as a "white man's Negro," and attained considerable prominence some time since by an article in which he made a vigorous defense of Jefferson Davis.—Ex. AGENTS FOR THE BROAD AX. From on and after this date The Broad Ax can be found on sale at the following places: The Afro-American News Office, 3104 State Street. A. G. Marshall, news stand and book store, 3604 State street. A. F. Tervalon's Cigar Store and News Stand, 2826 State street. Edward Felix's Cigar Store, 358 30th street, N. E. Corner Armour Ave. J. A. Geary's Confectionery and Cigar Store, 4800 State St. T. B. Hall's Cigar Store and Laundry office, 281 29th St. Mrs. H. Hart, Cigar and Confectionery Store, 417 E. 35th St. C. E. Hunter's News Stand and Cigar Store, 134 W. 51st St., near Dearborn. J. E. Webb's Cigar Store, 280, 29th Street. Turner William's Cigar and News Stand, 2903 Armour Ave. J. F. Bradbury's News Depct, 2970 State Street. William Goetz, dealer in cigars and tobacco, 411 E. 36th street. M. H. Watts, dealer in cigars and tobacco, 3742 State street. J. C. Campbell, 145 W. 47th street., Cigars, Tobacco, Staple Groceries. Wm. H. Monroe, cigar and newsstand, 486 State street. H. N. Drake, 3246 State Street, Cigar Store and News Stand. L. Levy, 506, 37th Street, dealer in Cigars and Tobacco. The Chicago Shoe Shining Parlor, 3123 Cottage Grove Ave. Geo. Blaine, cigars, tobacco and news stand, 3420 Dearborn street. Walter W. Booker, 109 Washington Avenue, Hannibal, Mo. News items and advertisements left at these places will find their way into the columns of The Broad Ax. FOR IGN FACTS AND FANCIES Owing to the increased price of coal several British boards of guardians have decided to give an extra sixpence weekly to the recipients of outdoor relief. France is going to have a new coin, a 25 centimes piece, or five cents. It will be of nickel, larger than a franc but smaller than a copper sou, with a smooth edge. The oyster scare in England has obtained a firm hold in London. The sales of oysters at Billingsgate have fallen off to the extent of many thousands of pounds. A total of 2,704 conscripts from Alsace-Lorraine have failed to join the colors, and have been declared outlaws in consequence. All their property reverts to the crown. The imports of the Transvaal for the first ten months of 1902 as compared with 1901 show an extraordinary increase, having developed from 2,500,000 to 9,250,000 sterling. Two milk women were fined at Anton, in France, for watering their milk. A local trust was then formed and prices were raised 50 per cent. A milk strike has resulted. The magistrates who imposed the fines have been boycotted; they can only get milk by having it bought for them surre WOMEN'S CLUBS THRIVE. Pessimists Say They Are a Fad, But They Go On Increasing in Numbers. The latest edition of the official directory of the woman's clubs of Chicago shows that the pessimists who say that women's clubs are a fad, and that they die soon after they are created because of the members being extremely fickle in their allegiance to their clubs, are entirely and totally wrong, says the Chicago Tribune. There have been four editions of the official directory. The first one printed, which covered the years 1899-1900, reveals that there were 66 clubs at that time. The next year's directory shows that the number of clubs had leaped to 112. Then the pessimist would naturally expect that the directory of the following year would indicate a slump back to something like the number of clubs given in the first directory. But the book for the year 1901-1902 reports 97 clubs in existence, and the new directory for the year 1902-1903 gives the names of 95 clubs. A comparison of the book just issued with the one first published shows that almost all the clubs given in the first volume are alive and prosperous. The biggest change was between the years 1900 and 1901 and 1901 and 1902, when the number of clubs slumped from 112 to 97. An examination of the directories of these dates will show that few of the clubs actually died, but after the phenomenal jump from 66 to 112 it was found that many of the clubs could do better by merging under one name. GOOD WESTERN ENGLISH. Only Part of the United States That Gives the "R" Its Real Value. That which the rest of the country accepts as the standard of correct pronunciation, though seldom attaining it, characterizes the speech of the majority of the people of the west. The west is the only section that does not badly misuse R., says Leslie's Weekly. It is perhaps incorrect to say the east and south misuse R. They hardly use it at all. In the east and many parts of the south R is, in effect, an auxiliary vowel except at the beginning of words. It merely lengthens the preceding vowel. Occasionally it receives a distinct vowel sound, that of Italian A. In many parts of the south it is not heard at all. While the Georgian says "befoah," his Alabama neighbors say "befo'," deposing R from its position as a vowel, or vowel modifier. In the west, R is sounded with an approximation of correctness. Yet even the westerners do not give it its full value, as do the Irish and Scotch. Their strong enunciation of the letter sounds harsh to us, yet the letter is intended to be pronounced and its use differentiates words liable to be confused by the ear. The Anglo-Saxon seems to be doing his best to depose R. Were it not for the influence of the Irish and Scotch, R would not be little more than a written letter, as silent as initial H in Spanish. CREATING A WATERFALL. Great Piece of Engineering That Has Been Accomplished at Niagara. When the waters of the Niagara river were made to flow over turbines to give electric power and light to the city of Buffalo it was considered a great revolutionary feat of engineering, says an account of "The Greatest of Power Dams," in Leslie's Monthly. But at Niagara the dam and the fall were there from the beginning. The power was ready in the rough—it had only to be applied to the machinery. When, however, it was proposed to utilize the speed and force of the Hudson river and to turn them into the power that lights towns, runs street railways and vitalizes factory plants the problem was a different one. The river was there, but the fall had to be created, and to do this it would be necessary to build one of the largest dams ever constructed, a wall, in fact, 1,400 feet long and 154 feet high, at certain points. No such barrier, great or small, had ever been placed across a river of a volume and flow equal to that of the Hudson just above Glens Falls, N. Y., yet this has now been successfully accomplished. AGE OF CRIMINALITY. When Criminal Responsibility of Children Begins in the Diferent Countries. With reference to New York's special police court for childish offenders, it is noteworthy that both British and American law fix the same age of criminality. In defiance of theology the legal codes of all nations regard man as sinless by birth. Before attaining a certain age he is regarded as incapable of crime. In England and America this age is seven years, and before this a child cannot be prosecuted. After his seventh birthday a child is accountable for its deeds, but if under 14 the prosecution must show that he was acting with criminal intent. The same age of criminality is held in Russia and Portugal. In France and Belgium a child must be eight years old before being prosecuted. In Italy and Spain a further year of grace is accorded. In Norway, Greece, Austria, Denmark, Holland and Switzerland, says the London Chronicle, the age is ten. The little German can play pranks with impunity until 12 years old, while in Sweden no prosecution is allowed when the offender is under 16. HISTORICAL SIDE LIGHTS. The oldest house in England stands near St. Alban's Abbey, in Hertfordshire, about 20 miles from London. This house is said to be more than 1,000 years old, and is still fit for habitation. The date of the Deluge is given variously by various chronologers. According to Usher it occurred in B. C. 2348. But 14 other authorities place the cataclysm as follows: One in the thirty-second century, five in the thirty-first century, one in the twenty-ninth century, one in the twenty-sixth century, four in the twenty-third century and two in the twenty-second century B. C. The proposed American statute for the abolition of kissing, and a fine of five dollars for each indulgence in unhygienic osculation is not new. The old Puritan blue laws of Massachusetts forbade the exchange of kisses in public as a breach of good behavior. Milan has a similar ordinance against kisses or other amatory demonstration in public places. It dates from the time of the Sforzas. The latest bit of antiquity brought to light by the excavations at Chebba, in Tunis, is a superb mosaic six feet high by six feet eight inches broad, and represents Silenus on his donkey. The beast is restive under the weight, and rears on his hind legs, refusing to proceed, while a cloven-hoofed satyr is pulling its ears. A faun is twisting the ass's tail and belaboring its sides—to no purpose. The lava streams from the eruption of Vesuvius in 1858 were so hot 12 years later that steam issued from their cracks and crevices. Those that flowed from Etna in 1787 were found to be steaming hot just below the crust as late as 1840. The volcano Jorullo in Mexico poured forth in 1759 lava that 87 years later gave off columns of steaming vapor. In 1780 it was found that a stick thrust into the crevices instantly ignited, although no discomfort was experienced in walking on the hardened crust. THOUSANDS OF MILES AWAY. Cannilbalism has recently increased in New Guinea in consequence of the prolonged drought. Many cotton mills are now in operation in Bombay, and others will soon start. It is said that the whole yarn supply of India, and a great part of that of China and Japan, is furnished by Bombay mills. In China the down of the thistle is gathered and mixed with raw silk so ingeniously that even experts are deceived when the fabric is woven. It is also used to stuff cushions as a substitute for eiderdown, and a very good substitute it makes. The irrigation works recommended by the geological survey give interest to the report on the irrigation works of India. The net revenue to the government was 7.36 per cent. on an outlay of $110,000,000. The value of the crops raised on the irrigated area during the year is estimated at $135,000,000, a sum in excess of the capital outlay. When a death from plague has taken place in a Chinese house it is not unusual for the body to be carried out and left either in the street or in a boat in the harbor. In Hong Kong 308 such cases occurred in 1901, and they to a great extent account for the annual recurrence of the disease, as of necessity the houses from which the bodies came are not disinfected. SCIENCE SIFTINGS. The average straight-ahead motion of the stars is now put at 21 miles a second. Prof. Henry A. Ward, collector of meteorites, of Chicago, has just added an interesting specimen that fell near Bath Furnace, Ky., on November 15. His collection ranks fourth in the world, and he has one meteor presented to him by the shah of Persia. The expansion of metals on heating is a serious disadvantage for many purposes. The new alloy of iron with 36 per cent. of nickel is claimed to expand less than 1-12,000,000, for an increase of one degree C., while the expansion of iron is 1-80,000 for one degree C. The alloy is recommended for clock pendulums, measures, etc. The thought of space, compared with which our immeasurable sidereal system dwindles to a point, is too overwhelming to be dwelt upon, is one of Herbert Spencer's latest reflections. "Of late years the consciousness that without origin or cause infinite space has ever existed and must ever exist, produces in me a feeling from which I shrink." AUTOMOBILE NOTES. Motor cars have been adopted for scouting purposes by the Swiss military authorities. Banker Henri De Rothschild, of Paris, says that in ten years from now there will not be a single vehicle drawn by horses in Paris, as everything will be hauled by motor conveyances. The honor of possessing the largest membership of any automobile club in the world rests with the Automobile Club of Great Britain and Ireland, which has now no less than 2,180 members. A queer race between a balloon and automobiles took place recently in England, 12 motor cars taking part in the cross-country chase. Two of the automobiles were near when the balloon came down. Gelatine masks for automobile riders, with mica plates to protect the eyes, are a new Parisian invention. The masks are colored and cover the chin and throat; they fasten behind the head with straps. ZOMODONE, THE NEWEST AND MOST RAPID HAIR GROWER IN EXISTENCE. Makes the Hair grow with lightning-like rapidity. No waiting for results. ZOMODONE prevents Falling Hair, Grey Hair, Brittle Hair, Curly Hair, Harsh Hair, and Scurf. Cures Dandruff, Itch, Tetter, Eczema, and Ring-Worm. No more Bald Heads, Scanty Partings, Splitting Ends, and Bald Temples. ZOMODONE grows long, luxuriant, soft, fine, silky Hair. Makes the Hair grow down to and below the waist line in most every instance in which it is used. ZOMODONE is a direct Hair food, and softens and lengthens the Hair, so that it can be arranged in any style desired. Not a fraud or a fake, to get your money, but an honest remedy, tried and true. ZOMODONE acts quickly; results are seen at once. If you want Hair down to your waist, send in your order right now—do not delay. No free samples sent; a sample is not sufficient to do good. Price, 50c., or 3 bottles (a complete treatment) for $1.00, or will send four complete treatments for $3.00. AGENTS WANTED. Everything is in favor of the Agent. LIBERAL CREDIT EXTENDED. This is an unprecedented chance to make money. Write quick for territory and particulars. Address THE HELEN MARTIN TOILET CO., 910 E. Leigh St., Richmond, Va. In writing to the Helen Martin Toilet Co., please motion this paper.. VERMONT WRESTLERS. No State in the Union Has Wornished More Square-Hold and Side-Hold Good Ones. "When I was a boy in Vermont," said Representative Cy. Sulloway, of New Hampshire, reports the Washington Star, "it was my ambition and that of nearly every farmer's boy in the state, as far as I knew, to be considered a champion wrestler. Probably no state in the union has furnished as many good square-hold and side-hold wrestlers as the Green Mountain state. Most of us boys learned wrestling at school, the wrestling bouts usually taking place at recess. Even the schoolmaster took a hand in the game and would try his skill against the larger boys, and if he happened to be thrown he lost prestige among his scholars. But it was at town meetings that the greatest exhibitions of skill and strength took place. The best wrestlers in the townships rallied at these gatherings, and the people seemed to take more interest in the outcome of the bouts than in the results at the polls. The science of square-hold and side-hold wrestling has almost died out in the state nowadays. Boys and young men seem to fancy football, golf and baseball, but there are some fine specimens of manhood yet in the state, and it takes a pretty good man to lay even a modern Vermonter on his back." ELIUSIVE BACILLI Scientists Find Much Difficulty in Destroying Germs of Typhoid Tuberculosis. It is one of the disappointments of the medical profession since the bacteria theory of many diseases has been fully established that all efforts to find an antidote for the tubercule typhoid bacillus have failed, says a special to the St. Louis Globe-Democrat. An antitoxin has been provided for the diphtheria bacillus, because the person of this bacillus passes out of its cell and is soluble. The person of typhoid tuberculosis is intracellular and remains there, and cannot be reached under ordinary conditions. Recent experiments by bacteriologists, with the assistance of Prof. Dewar, of the effects of extreme cold upon the bacilli show that they survive at the lowest temperature attainable. It was discovered, however, that when frozen in liquid air the bacilli became extremely brittle, so that they could be triturated into exceedingly fine powder and their cellular character thus destroyed. It is possible to experiment with antidotes upon their poisonous contents, and it is hoped before long that this method will lead to the discovery of a treatment which will destroy the germs of typhoid tuberculosis in the human body. Alaska's Great Mountain. The claim of Mount McKinley, the culminating peak of the Alaskan range, to be regarded as the loftiest point in North America, is sustained by the report of an exploring party, made by one of its members, Mr. A. H. Brooks. The party made a journey of 800 miles on foot in Alaska during the season just passed. Mr. D. L. Reaburn, the topographer of the expedition, believes that the measurements of mountain heights which were made have a probable error not exceeding 100 feet. According to these measurements Mount McKinley's elevation definitely exceeds 20,000 feet; that of Mount Foraker is 17,000 feet. Electricity in Germany. In Germany, electricity, among other curious results, has rehabilitated the discarded windmill. At Nereshelm a windmill supplies power for 36 incandescent lamps that light a large paint factory. Another in Schleswig-Holstein keeps up a steady current of 30 volts. At Dusseldorf a windmill winds up a heavy weight, of which the descent works a powerful dynamo. Through a Glass "So Prof. Armcrook is dead. I suppose he studied too hard." "No, the thirst he died of was not for knowledge." "Well, at any rate, it was spiritual over-exertion."—N. Y. Herald. Frustrated Reform Reformer—My boy, if you smoke cigarettes you will never grow to be a big man like me. The Kid—What do I care! Napoleon was a small man, wasn't he?—Puck. The Wisdom of Alice. Mother—Why, Alice, don't you love your baby brother? Alice—What's the use? He wouldn't know it, if I did.—Town Topics. Deceltful Man. Actual Results from Build- ness After Only 4 Months' Use of 20MODONZ. Inside Is a Vacuum. Cholly Masher (to the photographer) —Be sure and show the collar and eyeglass—and don't forget to give the cane the correct pose. Photographer—Certainly not. Now, hold steady. All right! It's done, sir. Cholly—Done, is it? Are you quite sure you have taken the best side of my head? Photographer—Quite sure, sir. I took the outside.—Tit-Bits. A Hard Times Love Affair: She—This narrow band of gold is very sweet, of course; but you—you said you intended to bring me a cluster diamond ring. He—Y-e-s, but afterward it occurred to me that such a ring would hide those lovely dimples in your fingers. She—Oh, you darling.—N. Y. Weekly. No Deception. Beggar—Please, sor, me an'me family are famished for the want of meat and drink, an'— Jenkins—Cut it out! I gave you a dime the last time you told me that story, and you made for the nearest saloon. Beggar—True fer ye. "Twas me that was famished fur the drink.—Philadelphia Press. Not Interested. First Citizen—There is to be a big meeting to-night, a great outpouring of the masses to devise ways and means to reform the city government, so that its affairs may be administered with strict economy. Come along. Second Citizen—Um—I'd rather not. Fact is, I am after an office myself. N.Y. Weekly. Encouraging. He watched the love scene enacted on the stage and shook his head regretfully. "I wish I could do it like that," he said. "There's nothing like trying, Harry," suggested the girl at his side. Shortly thereafter they went into executive session.—Chicago Post. On the Way "How does you like de new preacher?" asked Mr. Erastus Pinkley. "Very much," answered Miss Miami Brown. "He's got a good staht. He knows a heap o' words, an'jes' as soon as he gits 'em arranged in de proper order he'll hab a mighty fine sermon." —Washington Star. Still in Doubt. Adorer—I know I am poor, but I will insure my life for $20,000, which, at six per cent. interest, will give you enough to live on comfortably in case anything should happen to me." Miss Flightie (doubtfully)—Do you think it would be enough to support another husband?—N. Y. Weekly. Her Innocent Query Miss Plumpleigh—Will you take an order for coal? Dealer—Well, we art supplying only our old customtrs. Miss Plumpleigh (shyly)—About—how old do they have to be?—Somerville Journal. The Wishing Habit. Clarence—I wish I had lots of money. Uncle Tom—If one could get what he wished for, I think I should wish for common sense, not for money. Clarence — Naturally, everybody wishes for what he hasn't got.—Tit-Bits. From Experience "Henry," said the woman with compressed lips, "do you remember that we first met by accident on a railroad?" "Yes," replied the henpecked man sadly, "railroad accidents always turn out disastrously." — Chicago Daily News. Must Be a Freak "He certainly has a remarkable head on his shoulders." "I hadn't noticed it." "Hadn't noticed what?" "That he hasn't any neck."—Cleveland Plain Dealer. A Burst of Candor. "I suppose you have some scheme for annihilating the trusts?" "Great Scott, no," answered Senator Sorghum, "do you suppose I want to kill the goose that lays the golden eggs?"—Washington Star. The Modern Paradox. Jaggles—The cost of living is increasing all the time. Waggles—Yes, indeed! If the necessaries of life keep going up, it won't be long before we'll have to fall back on the luxuries.—Puck. Peanuts. Teacher—Now, Johnny, can you tell me how peanuts grow? Johnny—Why, they don't grow at all. I've watched the man at the corner make them with a little tin box lots of times.—N. Y. Times. Where He Caught Him. One day a man was brought before a judge for stealing a cheese from a grocer's door, and the principal witness, a carter, told how he had seen the man take the cheese and had run up and held him. "Then you caught him in the nefarious act?" said the judge. "The what, sir?" said the witness. The what, sir? said the witness. "You caught him in the nefarious act, I say," repeated the judge. "Not me," was the reply; "I caught him by the scruff of the neck."—Tit Bits. One Woman. There is one woman, mild and fair, Discreet and sweet (confound her!), Though I'm a manly man, I swear I'd like to beat and pound her! To coax and get around her! Because, the sorry truth I'll own. She is my sweetheart's chaperon. -Town Topics. SHE FURNISHED THE WILL. ```markdown ``` He—So your husband has given up smoking? It requires a pretty strong will to accomplish that! She—Well, I'd have you understand that I have a strong will!—Der Floh. Woman. She knows a secret, but I will not plead; Patient I wait the leisure of her deed; Long ere the evening's done I know full well I'll hear the story, for she'll have to tell. Detroit, Free Press Untempted. "I am glad to note," said the friend, "that gambling is a vice that has no temptation for you." "None whatever," answered Senator Sorghum. "I am unable to find any excuse for a man's risking his money when there are so many sure things lying around begging for attention."—Washington Star. Preferred. It Shallow. Jeweler—The inscription you wish engraved on the inside of this ring, I understand, is "Ernest to Irene?" Young Man (with embarrassment)—Yes, that's right. But—er—don't cut the "Irene" deep. Cincinnati Enquirer. Such a Bargain. "I wouldn't give two cents for a cigar like that!" he exclaimed, as he tried for the fourth time to light one. "But I didn't, George," protested his tearful little wife. "I only gave 99 cents for 50 of them".—Cleveland Plain Dealer. Extortion from the Inexperienced. "It cost me $1,000 to get my divorce," said the Boston woman. "You were swindled," replied the woman from Chicago. "That's about twice as much as I ever paid for any of mine."—Philadelphia Record. Too Late. "Can't you hurry a bit, Clara? We must catch the Sawyers and congratulate them on their marriage." "There's no use hurrying for that—it's too late to congratulate them, anyhow; they've been married a month."—Life. A rite for Better Things. The roads are not passable, Not even jackassable; And the people who travel them Should turn out and gravel them. —Shady Corner (O.) Gasette. Study in Mathematics. Pushquill—I hear that Bounderman jilted that rich Skinnerly girl to marry an artist's model. Inksling—Yes; extraordinary taste Gave up a fortune of six figures for a fortune of one.—N. Y. Herald. His Preference. Aunt—So you don't want to be president of the United States? Little Harold—Naw! A president might make more money than a pirate, but he don't have half as much fun. Chicago American. End of Happiness She—After 30 years' courtship a couple have just married at Leeds, England. He—Isn't that too bad, after so many happy years.—Yonkers Statesman. President and Treasurer, THOMAS CAREY. Vice-President, JOHN SHELHAMER. Secretary, WILLIAM SULLIVAN. Joseph P. Junk's friends continue to push his boom along for alderman of the 29th ward. C. E. Hunter, dealer in cigars and tcbacco, 134 West 51st street, is meeting with success in selling The Broad Ax. The Oak Leaf Art Club will give its annual ball at Arlington hall. 31 street and Indiana avenue, Monday evening, Feb. 23. Wetmore Harris, one of the colored heroes. who made a miraculous escape from the battleship Maine, died in Richmond, Va., last week. Col. A. D. Gash spent Tuesday and Wednesday at the State Capital, Springfield, and appeared before the committee on elections in the interest of James T. Pendergast. James E. Daley, ex-county commissioner. and at the present time Deputy Sheriff, is slowly recovering from the effects of spraining his ankle a few months ago. Monday evening, Feb. 23, the Appomattox Club gives its second annual informal ante-Lenten soiree at the Douglass Club House, 35th and Ellis avenue. The Frederick Douglass banquet held at Quinn Chapel Monday night, was a very pleasant affair. It was largely attended by the leading Afro-Americans in the city. James C. Blaney, City Boiler Inspector, has withdrawn from the Aldermanic contest in the 30th ward, and Alderman McInerney now has things coming his way. Wm. H. Monroe, 486 State street, cigars, tobacco and news stand, is selling more copies of The Broad Ax each week than all the other AfroAmerican newspapers put together. Attorney Robert M. Mitchell has ben invited by many white citizens of Jacksonville, Ill., to address the Sunday Forum of that city April 9th, on "The Negro and His Citizenship." Rev. or Elder D. R. Wilkins is willing to give up his chances of landing on the inside of the gates of heaven if ne can succeed in getting Julius F. Taylor stowed away in the Cook county jail. Rev. Archibald James Carey does not like to be reminded of the fact that William Yancy the ex-janitor of Quinn Chapel, may be successful and get the eleven hundred dollars which is coming to him. A number of Negroes are preparing to leave Arkansas( Alabama and other Southern states to develop cotton in Liberia, selling their farms at a sacrifice to complete the amount necessary for expenses. B. G. Williams, a member of the legislature of Wisconsin, has introduced a bill in the lower branch of the legislature which is intended to make it unlawful for white and colored people to marry in the state of Wisconsin. Miss Amelia Scott, 5045 Armour avenue., who has been confined to her bed with sickness for the past three months, to the delight of her many friends is regaining her health and within the next two weeks she will be able to walk abroad. The Phyllis Wheatly Woman's Club met Wednesday afternoon at St. Mary's church, 50th and Dearborn streets. The musical section which is under the direction of Mrs. Mae Blake, had charge of the program, which was very interesting from beginning to end. The Century Dawn, a strong race paper published at Dillon, S. C., has commenced to reproduce the articles on Rev. Abraham Lincoln Murray, which we copied from the Old Church Organ, and they will make mighty interesting reading for the people of South Carolina. CHARLESL. WEBB Court Reporter, 311 Ogden Bldg. 34 Clark St., General Stenographer Chicago. The Youngest or the Little Church Organ No. 2, failed to raise enough money to pay its office devil lately and for that reason it did not appear last week and some claim that it was not missed by its few readers for they did not know whether or not it is received by them once or twice each month. Dr. Wm. D. Crum, who is endeavoring to become Collector of the Port at Charleston, S. C.. was turned down cold the other day by the Senate committee on commerce. Several Republican Senators joined hands with the Southern Democrats on the committee and incompassed the defeat of Dr. Crum. One of Rev. Abraham Lincoln Murray's lawyers came very near being sent to jail last year by Judge Dunne for attempting to rob a woman out of five hundred dollars worth of household goods. One of his other attorneys was arrested not long ago for getting mixed up with some money that did not belong to him. Judge Oliver H. Horton, while charging or instructing the members of the grand jury the other day, warned them not to be like a former member of that body who had accepted a bribe for devulging the secrets of that body. It would seem from the way that Judge Horton talked that the grand jury is simply being used as a side show for the benefit of some of the high officials of Cook County. This week the Supreme Court of Illinois, decided that "contractor Morava, and his associates, who bought Olivet Baptist church last summer from the sheriff of Cook County, are the lawful owners of the property in the near future, the present members of Olivet wil buy it from its owners, complete it throughout and cut in a fine organ. Rollin B. Organ. ex-county commissioner, and one of the warmest friends of the Afro-American race, is now serving as special agent for the State Mutual Life Assurance Company, of Worcester, Mass. His headquarters are in the Chemical National Bank Building. 85 Dearborn St., This paper wishes Mr. Organ the greatest success in the life insurance world. W. E. Howell, the "lily-white" Republican leader appointed collector of internal revenue, at New Orleans. La.. has attempted to turn the tables on the regular Republicans by appointing as chief deputy collector William W. Johnson, one of the darkest Afro-Americans in the state. To make a place for him a white man of the regular Republicans and son of a former United States district attorney and postmaster, was let go.—Ex. Richard W. Thompson, who hales from Washington, D. C., and Indianpaolis, Ind., and many other pap-suckers who are always ready to share in the spoils which fall into Prof. Booker T. Washington's coffers, met in Washington recently, and through a fake meeting denounced Editor Trotter, of Boston, and all the other brave men, who will not consent to lower their manhood by accepting Prof. Washington as the infallible educator and leader of the Afro-American race. As an industrial educator Prof. Washington is all right but he is not and never will be fitted by nature to become a leader of ten million people for he is too much of a coward to occupy such a responsible or exalted position. AGENTS AND CORRESPONDENTS WANTED. The Broad Ax desires to engage agents and regular correspondents in all the leading cities and towns in Illinois and throughout the other sections of the country. The highest commissions paid to live hustlers. Sample copies furnished. For further information address Julius F. Taylor 5040 Armour avenue, Chicago, Ill. ROOMS FOR RENT. Two comodious nicely furnished rooms for rent to gentlemen only. Inquire at 2623 Wabash avenue. SUITE 318-320 REAPER BLOCK Clark and Washington Sts. Telephone, Main 940. CHICAGO. A. D. GASH Attorney at Law, 84-86 La Salle Street, Chicago. Suite 615 to 619, Telephone Main 3077. JOHN E. OWENS Attorney at Law, DUTT 621 ASHLAND BLOCK, 60 E. Clark Street, CHICAGO FREDERICK W. JOB ATTORNEY AT LAW 632 MARQUETTE BUILDING Telephone 2310 Central CHICAGO TELEPHONE MAIN 2804 FEDERICO M. BARRIOS Attorney & Counsellor at Law Suite 501 Firmenich Bldg. N. E. Cor. Fifth Avenue and Washington Street Chicago. LAWRENCE A. NEWBY ATTORNEY-AT-LAW Room 6, 128 LaSalle St., CHICAGO RESIDENCE 2623 WABASH AVE William Howard Fitzgerald LAWYER Room 402 Reaper Block, - CHICAGO JOSEPH A. McINERNEY LAWYER SUITE 708-708 CHICAGO OPERA HOUSE CHICAGO Beauregard F. Moseley, LAWYER. Practice in all Courts. Main Office 6256 Halsted St, Bown Town Office 260 S. Clark St., Room 421 Hours from 12 to 2 P. M. Phone: 2583 Harrison. WILLIAM RITCHIE ATTORNEY AND COUNSELOR. Suite 519-590 Oxford Building 84 LA SALLE ST., CHICAGO Telephone Main 1646. Robert M. Mitchell Attorney at Law Suite 9, No. 77 South Clark St. CHICAGO JOHN F. WATERS. C. H. JOHNSON WATERS & JOHNSON Lawyers Practice Limited to the Trial of Personal Injury Cases Suite 801 Kedzie Building 120 E. Randolph St. Telephone Central 4293 CHICAGO Telephone Yards 701 Residence, 128 Garfield Bd. JOHN FITZGERALD JUSTICE OF THE PEACE 4707 S. HALSTED STREET, CHICAGO J. GRAY LUCAS ATTORNEY-AT-LAW Suite 412 Real Estate Board Bldg 59 Dearborn St. Cor. Randolph CHICAGO. Phone Randolph 55 J. E. JONES LAWYER 79 Clark Street Room 9 Chicago JAMES E. WHITE LAWYER Residence 4232 Wabash Ave Suite 411-59 Dearborn St. Tel Main 1690 Chicago S. A. McELWEE ...LAWYER... 36 S. Clark St., CHICAGO. Room 706 Ogden Building Residence, 3163 Forest Av. ALBERT B. GEORGE LAWYER. 426 Ashland Block, Chicago. — 914. M. SMITH — Fifty-First St. and Armour Ave. RAIL YARDS: 151st St. & L. S. & M. S. Ry. 52nd St. and Armour Ave. CHICAGO $200,000 CAPITAL Pays dividends 1 per cent. monthly or 12 per cent per annum. Stock now selling at 10c per share, full paid and non-assessable. For further particulars address THE DAVIS INVESTMENT COMPANY 614 First National Bank Bldg., Chicago 'Phone Central 3026. Face Massage, Shampooing, Scalp Treating Mrs. Warner Chiropodist and Manicuring Removes Corns Without Pain Medicated Foot Baths and Foot Massage 138 State St., 4th Floor, Chicago Mrs. Florence Miller FASHIONABLE DRESSMAKER Perfect Fit Guaranteed Prices Reasonable 3151 State Street CHICAGO MRS. A. G. MARSHALL BAKERY, Confectionery, Groceries, Notions and Stationery, Imported and Domestic Cigars, Tobaccos, Etc. Milk, Cream, Butter and Eggs. {OPEN EVENINGS} UNTIL 9:30 P.M.} 3804 State Street. CHICAGO. Telephone Blue 4632 Work Called for and Delivered... A. HOFFMAN, CLEANER, DYER AND PRESSER. Suits Sponged and Pressed 55c 5125 State St. Expert Workmanship Moderate Prices. WONDERFUL DISCOVERY Curly Hair Made Straight By TAKEN FROM LIFE: BEFORE AND AFTER TREATMENT. ORIGINAL OZONIZED OX MARROW This wonderful hair salom is the only safe preparation in the world that makes kinky or curly hair straight as shown above. It nourishes the scalp and prevents the hair from falling out or breaking off, cures dandruff and makes the hair grow long and silky. Sold over forty years and used by thousands. Warranted harmless. Testimonials free on request. It was the first preparation ever sold for straightening kinky hair. Beware of imitation. Get the Original Marrow as the genuine never fails to keep the hair straight, soft and beautiful. A toilet necessity for ladies, gentlemen and children. Elegantly perfumed. The great advantage of this wonderful pomade is that by its use you can straighten your own hair at home. Owing to its superior and lasting qualities it is the best and most economical. It is not possible for anybody to produce a preparation equal to it. Full directions with every bottle. Only 50 cents. Sold by druggists and dealers or send us 50 cents for one bottle or $1.40 for three bottles. We pay all express charges. Send postal or express money order. Write your name and address plainly to OZONIZED OX MARROW CO., 76 Wabash Avenue, Chicago, Illinois. Don't imagine that all hair preparations are alike. Quite the contrary. Some never do what is claimed for them. The Original Ozonized Ox Marrow has been on the market for so long that there is no doubt it will do everything we claim for it. It is the most genteel preparation that any one can use on their hair. It is most delicately perfumed and when thoroughly rubbed into the scalp and well brushed through the hair it cannot fail to cure dandruff and make the hair straight, soft and beautiful. It invigorates the scalp producing new growth and stops the hair from falling out. Try a bottle and you will be sure to be pleased. Only 50 cents, express paid, to any address in the United States. Druggists also sell it. Address: Ozonized Ox Marrow Co., 76 Wabash Ave., Chicago, Illinois. MRS. A. WILSON. Nicely furnished rooms to rent for gentlemen. Reasonable rates, 3252 Indiana aveune. Rooms for Rent. Elegantly furnished rooms for rent with bath and gas at 3232 Wabash avenue. Mrs. Kittle Scott. Choice furnished rooms to rent to ladies and gentlemen. 2807 Wabash Ave. ILLINOIS BRICK CO. WILLIAM C. KUESTER, SUPERINTENDENT. N. Western Ave., Ch 1994 N. Western Ave., Chicago. Telephone Lake View 270. HENADEL B HOHENADEL BROS. 211-213 Madison Street CHICAGO Telephone Main D300 UNIFORM CAR FOR Firemen, Barriers, Astormen, Janitors, Wagonmen, Street Car Employees, Telegraph Messeng, Railroad Empl, Bellboys, Wat COB FEINBEN market and Grocer Manufacturers of... UNIFORM CAPS Policemen, Firemen, Street Car Employes, Letter Carriers, Telegraph Messengers, Elevatormen, Railroad Employes, Janitors, Wagonmen, Bellboys, Watchmen, Eta JACOB FEINBERG d State Sts. CHI 31st and State Sts. CHICAGO John J. Bradley Real Estate, Insurance and Loans Property managed. Abstracts ex mined. Renting. Legal papers prepared. 4709 South Halsted Street Chicago Ladies' and Gents' Clothing OF ALL KINDS Fashionable Dressmaking, Ladies' Tailoring, Dress Goods and Trimmings Furnished JACKETS AND CLOAKS Phone Calumet 7761 CASH OR EASY TERMS Open from 8 a. m. till 9 p. m. 3285 State Street Chicago 226 East 25th Street - - - CHICAGO F. W. BOYD DEALER IN COAL, WOOD AND ICE MOVING AND EXPRESSING All Orders Promptly Attended to Cash on Delivery Telephone Blue 28g 4656 Armour Avenue, CHICAGO. M. JUNK, Proprietor JOS. P. JUNK, Manager 3700-3710 South Halsted Street and 897 to 929 Thirty-seventh Street CHICAGO Jas. J. McCormick, SAMPLE ROOM IMPORTED AND DOMESTIG WINES, LIQUORS AND CIGARS 8402 SOUTH HALSTED STREET. SALE AND EXCHANGE STABLE. Driving, Draft and General Business Horses Always on Hand Telephone 565 South Chicago BROS. reet CAPS Employes, Messengers, and Employes, vs, Watchmen, Etc. BERG cery CHICAGO Notary Public dley and Loans legal papers prepared. Chicago ER Clothing mnings Furnished AKS FOR EASY TERMS Chicago Mason and General Contractor CHICAGO ALER IN ND ICE